Transcript Slide 1

The Dynamic Need for Multiracial
Education and Ministry
 Christopher Edley, Jr., Dean of the University of California Berkeley
School of Law
“Race isn’t rocket science.
Race is harder than rocket
science.”
2
THE NUMBER OF DOCUMENTED U.S. IMMIGRANTS,
IN MILLONS, BY DECADE (1820-2010)
12M
10.50
10M
9.08
8.80
8M
7.26
6M
5.25
4M
3.32
2.60
2M
1.71
.53
0
1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
U.S. IMMIGRATION POLICY BEFORE AND
AFTER THE REFORM ACT OF 1965
 1492 to1965: 85% percent from Europe.
 The “Hart-Celler Act” in 1965: opened the
door for the first time to large numbers of
non-Europeans.
 1966-2011: 85% non-European.
FOREIGN BORN POPULATIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
US:
40 million
Russia: 12 million
Germany: 10 million
21% of world’s total
immigrants are in the
U.S.
THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS
OF HARRIS COUNTY (1960-2010)
4.5
4.0
7.7%
Asians/Others
Hispanics
3.5
3.0
6.3%
Blacks
Anglos
4.1%
40.8%
2.5
2.1%
22.7%
32.9%
19.1%
18.3%
18.4%
42.5%
33.0%
POPULATION, IN MILLIONS
15.5%
2.0
0.8%
1.5
9.9%
0.3%
6.0%
1.0
0.5
19.7%
20.1%
19.8%
73.9%
69.2%
62.7%
54.0%
0.0
1960
(1,243,258)
1970
(1,741,912)
1980
(2,409,547)
1990
(2,818,199)
SOURCE: US CENSUS. CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON TEXAS STATE DATA CENTER CONVENTIONS.
2000
(3,400,578)
2010
(4,092,459)
THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS
OF HARRIS COUNTY (1960-2010)
4.5
4.0
7.7%
Asians/Others
Hispanics
3.5
3.0
6.3%
Blacks
Anglos
4.1%
40.8%
2.5
2.1%
22.7%
32.9%
19.1%
18.3%
18.4%
42.5%
33.0%
POPULATION, IN MILLIONS
15.5%
2.0
1.5
0.8%
9.9%
0.3%
6.0%
1.0
19.8%
0.5
73.9%
19.7%
20.1%
69.2%
62.7%
54.0%
0.0
1960
(1,243,258)
1970
(1,741,912)
1980
(2,409,547)
1990
(2,818,199)
SOURCE: US CENSUS. CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON TEXAS STATE DATA CENTER CONVENTIONS.
2000
(3,400,578)
2010
(4,092,459)
THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS
OF HARRIS COUNTY (1960-2010)
4.5
4.0
7.7%
Asians/Others
Hispanics
3.5
3.0
6.3%
Blacks
Anglos
4.1%
40.8%
2.5
2.1%
22.7%
32.9%
19.1%
18.3%
18.4%
42.5%
33.0%
POPULATION, IN MILLIONS
15.5%
2.0
1.5
0.8%
9.9%
0.3%
6.0%
1.0
19.8%
0.5
73.9%
19.7%
20.1%
69.2%
62.7%
54.0%
0.0
1960
(1,243,258)
1970
(1,741,912)
1980
(2,409,547)
1990
(2,818,199)
SOURCE: US CENSUS. CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON TEXAS STATE DATA CENTER CONVENTIONS.
2000
(3,400,578)
2010
(4,092,459)
THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS
OF HARRIS COUNTY (1960-2010)
4.5
4.0
7.7%
Asians/Others
Hispanics
3.5
3.0
6.3%
Blacks
Anglos
4.1%
40.8%
2.5
2.1%
22.7%
32.9%
19.1%
18.3%
18.4%
42.5%
33.0%
POPULATION, IN MILLIONS
15.5%
2.0
1.5
0.8%
9.9%
0.3%
6.0%
1.0
19.8%
0.5
73.9%
19.7%
20.1%
69.2%
62.7%
54.0%
0.0
1960
(1,243,258)
1970
(1,741,912)
1980
(2,409,547)
1990
(2,818,199)
SOURCE: US CENSUS. CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON TEXAS STATE DATA CENTER CONVENTIONS.
2000
(3,400,578)
2010
(4,092,459)
THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS
OF HARRIS COUNTY (1960-2010)
4.5
4.0
7.7%
Asians/Others
Hispanics
3.5
3.0
6.3%
Blacks
Anglos
4.1%
40.8%
2.5
2.1%
22.7%
32.9%
19.1%
18.3%
18.4%
42.5%
33.0%
POPULATION, IN MILLIONS
15.5%
2.0
1.5
0.8%
9.9%
0.3%
6.0%
1.0
19.8%
0.5
73.9%
19.7%
20.1%
69.2%
62.7%
54.0%
0.0
1960
(1,243,258)
1970
(1,741,912)
1980
(2,409,547)
1990
(2,818,199)
SOURCE: US CENSUS. CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON TEXAS STATE DATA CENTER CONVENTIONS.
2000
(3,400,578)
2010
(4,092,459)
THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS
OF HARRIS COUNTY (1960-2010)
4.5
4.0
7.7%
Asians/Others
Hispanics
3.5
3.0
6.3%
Blacks
Anglos
4.1%
40.8%
2.5
2.1%
22.7%
32.9%
19.1%
18.3%
18.4%
42.5%
33.0%
POPULATION, IN MILLIONS
15.5%
2.0
1.5
0.8%
9.9%
0.3%
6.0%
1.0
19.8%
0.5
73.9%
19.7%
20.1%
69.2%
62.7%
54.0%
0.0
1960
(1,243,258)
1970
(1,741,912)
1980
(2,409,547)
1990
(2,818,199)
SOURCE: US CENSUS. CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON TEXAS STATE DATA CENTER CONVENTIONS.
2000
(3,400,578)
2010
(4,092,459)
The Demographic Revolution
Will Continue
Hi Dad!
ETHNICITY BY AGE IN HARRIS COUNTY
(2007-2011 COMBINED)
100
Anglos
90
Blacks
80
70
Hispanics
70
Asians/Others
60
60
PERCENT OF RESPONDENTS
50
45
42
40
30
20
25
27
23
20
18
22
15
10
10
10
2
5
6
0
AGES 65-95 (N=657)
AGES 47-64 (N=1,119)
AGES 30-46 (N=918)
AGES 18-29 (N=569)
ETHNICITY BY AGE IN HARRIS COUNTY
(2007-2011 COMBINED)
100
Anglos
90
Blacks
80
70
Hispanics
70
Asians/Others
60
60
PERCENT OF RESPONDENTS
50
45
42
40
30
20
25
27
23
20
18
22
15
10
10
10
2
5
6
0
AGES 65-95 (N=657)
AGES 47-64 (N=1,119)
AGES 30-46 (N=918)
AGES 18-29 (N=569)
ETHNICITY BY AGE IN HARRIS COUNTY
(2007-2011 COMBINED)
100
Anglos
90
Blacks
80
70
Hispanics
70
Asians/Others
60
60
PERCENT OF RESPONDENTS
50
45
42
40
30
20
25
27
23
20
18
22
15
10
10
10
2
5
6
0
AGES 65-95 (N=657)
AGES 47-64 (N=1,119)
AGES 30-46 (N=918)
AGES 18-29 (N=569)
1999
Black: 32% Hisp: 18%
Asian: 27% White: 23%
20
= move
2004
Black: 45% Hisp: 23%
Asian: 32% White: 00%
21
RACE IN THE U.S.
 Classification
of human groups as
exclusive and discrete, based on
n
selected physical characteristics
(e.g., skin color, hair type)
 Groups created or evolved distinct
from one another
 Inheritable
 Outer physical characteristics tell us of
inner realities
 Ranking, hierarchy
22
American
Asian
Indian
White
Black
Hispanic
23
RACIALIZED SOCIETY
Race matters profoundly for
differences in life EXPERIENCES, life
OPPORTUNITIES, and social
RELATIONSHIPS. Rewards allocated
UNEQUALLY by racial group.
24
RACE IN THE U.S.
More of Society’s
Rewards
WHITES
ASIANS
Foreign
American
HISPANICS
BLACKS
Less of Society’s
Rewards
45,000
Median Income of Males With Income in 2008 Dollars by Sex, Race
and Hispanic Origin (1990 to 2008)
38,982
40,000
37,409
35,066
35,000
37,736
36,607
24,984
25,254
24,362
24,003
30,000
25,000
21,511
20,000
20,550
15,000
White non-Hispanic
US DOLLARS
10,000
Black
Asian
5,000
Hispanic
0
1990
2000
2005
2007
2008
26
80,000
Differential Returns on Education
70,000
60,000
50,000
White
Black
Latino
Native
Asian
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
High School Some College Associates
Bachelors
Grad/Prof
387 are white
9 are Asian
3 are Hispanic
1 is African American
0 are Native American
Bill
Gates
Warren
Buffet
Larry
Ellison
Michael
Dell
Steve
Balmer
Paul
Allen
George
Kaiser
James
Simons
Christy
Walton
Charles
Koch
David
Koch
Jeff
Ann
John
Bezos Chambers Paulson
Jim
Walton
Alice
Walton
Robson Michael
Sergey
Walton Bloomberg Brin
Donald Abigail
Bren Johnson
Phil
Knight
Len
Steve Edward
Philip
Mark
James
Jack
Blavatnik Cohen Johnson Anschutz Zuckerberg Goodnight Taylor
Carl
Icahn
Ron
Perelman
Larry
Page
Rich
Kinder
Sheldon
Adelson
John
Mars
George
Soros
Jacqueline
Mars
Rupert
Jim
Blair
Samuel
Steve
Murdoch Kennedy Okeden Newhouse Jobs
28
US IS RACIALIZED IN AT LEAST THE FOLLOWING
AREAS
(1) health
(2) death
(3) employment
(4) marriage
(5) occupation
(6) life expectancy
(7) crime
(8) persnl & social identity
(9) advertising
(10) names
(11) education
(12) neighborhoods
(13) auto loan rates
(14) SES & spatial mobility
(15) consumerism
(16) respect
(17) expectations
(18) music
(19) religion
(20) cost of products
(21) mortgage rates
(22) history
(23) TV watching
(24) wealth
(25) property values
(26) politics
(27) entrepreneur
(28) access to hi-qual affdble products
(29) self-esteem
(30) mark-up prices
(31) env polltion, haz waste
(32) social networks
(33) lunch tables
(34) child poverty
(35) standardized exams
(36) language
(37) crim. justice
(38) generational mobility
(39) respect
29
WEALTH DIFFERENCES 2002
Black Median Net Worth
Hispanic Median Net Worth
White Median Net Worth
6,000
8,000
90,000
White/Hispanic Ratio
11.25 (10.0 1988)
White/Black Ratio
15.00 (11.8 1988)
Source:
30
http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=race_wealth_and_intergenerational_poverty
WEALTH DIFFERENCES OVER TIME
Followed same 2000 black and white families
from 1984 to 2007, examining
changes in the racial wealth
gap.
Found a 4 fold-increase in
the gap over this time.
31
Median Net Wealth 1984-2007
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
Dollars
60,000
Black Families
50,000
White Families
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1984
1989
1994
1999
2003
2007
Source: Thomas Shapiro et al. May 2010. The Racial Wealth Gap Increases Fourfold. Institute on Assets and 32
Social Policy, Research and Policy Brief. Brandeis University.
As of 2012
Whites have:
50% more wealth than Asians
18 times more wealth than Hispanics
20 times more wealth than African Americans
Based on U.S Census Bureau Figures
34
A Real World Example: Milwaukee, 1971-1993
For Whites and Blacks, if in 1971 home worth $40,000
In 1993, that same house for Whites worth:
$250,000
In 1993, that same house for Blacks worth:
$32,000
Source: Sunwoog Kim. 2003. “Long-Term Appreciation of Owner-Occupied Single Family House Prices in
Milwaukee Neighborhoods” Urban Geography 24(3): 212-231.
35
Emerson’s
Neighborhood
80% African American
16% Latino
4% Other
Source: 2010 U.S. Census
Built/Purchased in 2006
$273,000
Sales Agreement Sept 2012 $225,000
Appraised/Sold Dec. 2012
Net Gain:
$160,000
$-113,000
CIRCLE OF FRIENDS: PERCENT REPORTING
MOST OR ALL THE SAME RACE
Same R
No Cong Interracial
n
ALL
83
70
36
2550
White
87
70
73
58
78
46
50
36
44
46
33
15
1615
Black
Latino
Asian
All Differences significant at .05 level, one-tailed, using both ANOVA and chi-square tests.
Exception: Blacks not in congregations and Blacks in Interracial congregations.
296
304
209
38
RACIAL COMPOSITION OF SOCIAL TIES, BY
INTERRACIAL CONGREGATION CONTEXT
Never
Past Only
Now Only
Now & Past
Mix marriage
1%
1%
17%
25%
Both Friends
Same
88%
82%
64%
42%
Friends in
Cong
88%
67%
28%
24%
Circle of
Friends
84%
64%
44%
25%
Social
Network
72%
57%
31%
9%
39
A. Social Ties
Benefits
B. Organizational Home for
Multiracial families and people
C. Group Formation
and Solidarity
D. Altered Racial
Attitudes
E. Reduced Inequalities—economic, social,
spiritual
40
HOPWOOD V. UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS
Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals
denied that diversity impacts
educational experience:
“The use of race, in and of
itself, to choose students
simply achieves a student
body that looks different.
Such a criterion is no more
rational on its own terms
than would be choices
based upon the physical
size or blood type of
applicants”
TYPES OF DIVERSITY
Structural Diversity
Informal
Interactional
Classroom Diversity
Tested uses two
longitudinal databases:
 University of Michigan
 Cooperative Institutional
Research Program
(national)
FINDINGS
 The three types of
diversity associated
with increased:
 Intellectual
Engagement
 Academic Skills
 Citizenship
Engagement
 Racial/Cultural
Engagement
 Classroom diversity,
diversity programming,
opportunities for
interaction, and
learning across
diverse groups of
students in the college
environment now
constitute important
initiatives to enhance
the education of all
students.
WHY? SUBCULTURAL THEORY
• Between-group contact leads to mutual influence, and
hence innovation
• Subcultural fusions lead to
innovations
• Thus creative force built into
diverse organizations
44
WHAT I HOPE FOR MY SON . . .
 I see a day when seminarians will
be trained in understanding race
and ethnic relations, educated in
cultural understandings, learn
Biblical interpretation from great
scholars around the world (rather
than principally western thinkers),
be trained in multiple styles of
preaching, and weave throughout
their courses methods of
generating a united body through
diversity. And I see the day this will
be done with a diverse faculty,
staff, and student body.
EM 850 (3 Credit Hours) Race, Culture, and Ministry
Houston Graduate School of Theology
Dates: July 9-11, 2012
Course Description:
An exploration into the topics of race, ethnicity, culture, and faith. The course will
look at how these have become intertwined, the ways in which faith can be
compromised, sociological realities, and biblical and theological models for
restoring right relationships and structures.
Course Outcomes:
Upon completion of this course, students will:
1. Understand the linkages between race, ethnicity, culture, and religion.
2. Analyze biblical perspectives on the above issues.
3. Gain a theological and sociological grasp of multiracial/ethnic/cultural
congregations.
4. Have a basic understanding of how to put into practice the course topics in
the local church context.
5. Participate in group discussion regarding these often complex issues.
Required Texts:
Anderson, David A. Gracism: The Art of Inclusion. IVP, 2007.
Boesak, Allan Aubrey, and Curtiss Paul DeYoung. Radical Reconciliation:
Beyond Political Pietism and Christian Quietism. Orbis Books, 2012.
Branson, Mark Lau, and Juan F. Martínez. Churches, Cultures, and
Leadership: A Practical Theology of Congregations and Ethnicities. IVP
Academic, 2011.
DeYoung, Emerson, Kim, and Yancey. United by Faith: The Multiracial
Congregations as a Response to the Problem of Race. Oxford University
Press, 2003.
Emerson, Michael O., and Christian Smith. Divided by Faith: Evangelical
Religion and the Problem of Race in America. Oxford University Press,
2000.
Rah, Soong-Chan. The Next Evangelicalism: Freeing Your Church from
Western Cultural Captivity. IVP Books, 2009.
Topic Coverage During Our Time Together:
Monday:
Race, Culture, and Religious Complexities
Divided by Faith/Next Evangelicalism
Tuesday:
Multiracial Congregations and God’s Work
United by Faith/Radical Reconciliation
Wednesday: Intercultural Relations, Perspectives, Methods
Gracism/Churches, Cultures, Leadership