Transcript physique
Learning Outcomes ALL of you will… • Discuss & list the environmental factors • Suggest what sports the somatotypes may be more suited for • Recall information to within 8% of target grade in exam questions (Group 3) MOST of you will… • Recall information to target grade standard in exam questions (Group 2) SOME of you will… • Recall information over target grade standard in exam questions & mark example answers (Group 1) Physique Your basic physique is something you are born with and which develops naturally. You may be able to influence your body composition and musculature but your height and general body shape are preordained. Musculature: The system or arrangement of muscles on a body Body composition: the percentage of body weight that is fat, muscle and bone Somatotypes Body type or physique can greatly affect performance in different activities. A performer’s somatotype can be measured against the three extreme somatotypes: Endomorph Mesomorph Ectomorph Endomorph Extreme endomorphs have the following characteristics: Pear shaped with wide hips and wide shoulders Tendency to gain fat, especially on upper arms and thighs Short legs in relation to their trunks Mesomorph Extreme mesomorphs have the following characteristics: Wedge-shaped body with broad, wide shoulders and narrow hips Minimum amount of body fat Muscular arms & legs Mesomorph Most sports favour the strong, muscular limbs and low body fat of the mesomorphic shape. The Australian swimmer, Ian Thorpe, has a classic mesomorphic body shape. © EMPICS Ltd Most common body shape among elite performers. Ectomorph Extreme ectomorphs have the following characteristics: Predominantly long, slender & thin Narrow hips and shoulders Thin legs and arms Very little muscle & body fat Which somatotype? Somatotypes in sport Ideal somatotypes for a performer will depend on their sport or event. Consider, for example, the various body sizes and shapes in a rugby team. Most games players would not fit into any of the extreme body types! Somatotypes in sport ENVIRONMENT • It is not a single factor • Have some degree of control over some environmental factors • ALL factors have an effect on participation… So what environmental factors can you and your partner think of? Altitude Weather Terrain Environment Humidity Pollution Weather TRAINING *Marathon runner would need to carry out distance runs as part of their training, which they might no be able to do if there is snow or ice. COMPETING *Competitions stop if the weather is poor. -too hot -too windy -too foggy -too dry -too cold -during thunder storms Pollution • Air pollution is a serious health risk for anyone taking exercise in such conditions. • If pollution levels are high then performing outside will not be possible Humidity • The amount of water vapour that is in the air. • Humidity combined with heat makes conditions very difficult for performers to keep their bodies cool enough and to avoid dehydration. Dehydration: The rapid loss of water from the body In the World Cross Country Championships in 2007 high levels of humidity resulted in 20% of the competitors failing to complete the distance. ALTITUDE • The height of an area above sea level. • Training at high altitude can be a real benefit as it increases the oxygen-capacity of the blood. What sporting event would altitude training or living at high altitude be really beneficial to? Terrain • The landscape you require may be crucial to your sport Exam Question 1. Name the 3 extremes of body type? (3 marks) 2. For one of the identified body types. Describe a sport or event they would be particularly suited to and explain why this is so (4 marks) 3. Name 2 environmental factors and describe how each effects participation (4 marks) Mark Scheme • • • • 1. Name the 3 extremes of body type? (3 marks) Ectomorph (1 mark) Endomorph (1 mark) Mesomorph (1 mark) 2. For one of the identified body types. Describe a sport or event they would be particularly suited to and explain why this is so (4 marks) • Name the body type (1 mark) • State the suitable sport (1 mark) • Suggest 2 reasons why it is suitable (1 mark for each reason) 3. Name 2 environmental factors and describe how each effects participation (4 marks) • Name the environmental factors (1 mark for each) • Give a reason for each factor about how it effects participation (1 mark for each reason)