Transcript 幻灯片 1 - Sun Yat-sen University

Chapter 14
Working in the Lab
Laboratory Equipments
• Lab equipment is an important part of chemistry and science in general.
Electronic Balance
Hot Plate & Stirrer
Wire Gauze
Crucible Tongs
Bunsen Burner
Iron Clamps
Iron Stand & Ring
Safety Goggles
Laboratory Equipments
Test Tube & Rack
Graduated Cylinder
Beaker
Conical Flask
Volumetric Flask
Burette
Pipette
Filter Funnel
Lab Gloves
Wash Bottle
Spatula
Thermometer
Laboratory Safety
• NO FOOD or DRINK items be taken into the laboratory.
• Safety goggles, lab coat and shoes MUST be worn at all times in the lab. In
addition, contact lenses are not allowed in the laboratory, even while
wearing goggles.
• Whenever handling corrosive or toxic materials, protective gloves should
be worn. Gloves should never be worn outside the lab.
• Always wash your hands thoroughly to remove any potential chemical
residues before you leave the lab.
• Know the location and operation of the emergency safety equipment,
including fire extinguisher, eye wash station & safety shower, and telephone.
Laboratory Safety
• Specific guidelines need to be observed for waste disposal.
Fume hood
Broken glass or singleuse glassware should
be placed in the broken
glassware crocks after
any disposable contents
have been removed.
Solid and liquid
chemicals need to be
placed in appropriate
containers.
Paper products that do
not contain chemicals
can be placed in the
waste baskets.
Waste Basket
• Never rinse chemicals down the drain!
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
• Material Identification
– Identity of organization or company creating the MSDS and date of issue
– Material’s identity; includes both common and chemical names
• Ingredients and Hazards:
– the products individual hazardous chemicals and their relative percentage of
concentration
– Level of hazard: Danger (severe hazard); Warning (intermediate hazard) and
Caution (moderate hazard)
• Physical Data
– Boiling point, solubility, specific gravity, melting point, molecular mass, colour
and appearance
• Fire and Explosion Data
– Conditions and chemical characteristics that could cause the material to catch on
fire or explode
– Flash points, upper and lower explosive limits
• Spill, Leak and Disposal Procedures
– Precautions and safety equipment required in case of an accident
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
• Health Hazard Data
– Routes of entry into the body; inhalation, skin absorption, etc.
– Acute and chronic effects
– Specific risks: carcinogen, teratogen, etc.
– Exposure limits
– Emergency and first aid procedures
– Precautions and safety equipment needed to work safely with the material
• Special Protection Information:
– Methods for reducing exposure to a
particularly hazardous chemical
– Ventilation, special breathing apparatus,
protective clothing
• Special Precautions and Comments
– Safe storage and handling
– Types of containers, labels and storage
conditions
– Policies for transporting the chemical
Laboratory Notebook Writing
Why to keep a laboratory notebook?
• To provide yourself with a complete record of why experiments were
initiated and how they were performed.
• To encourage sound thinking. Keeping a notebook gives you a forum to
talk to yourself, to ask questions, to jot down important thoughts and
comments about the experimental design and how your results might
eventually be interpreted.
• To provide information to a person who is interested in continuing your
research project.
• The laboratory notebook is a personal account of experimental results that
must answer the following questions to be effective:
When did you do the work? What was your hypothesis?
How did you perform the experiment? What did you observe?
Did your results prove or disprove your hypothesis?
How do you explain your observations?
General Guides
• Notebooks must be permanently bound: no loose-leaf
or spiral notebooks.
• Handwriting must be legible. All notebook entries must
be in ink and clearly dated. No entry is ever erased or
obliterated by pen or "white out". Changes are made by
drawing a single line through an entry in such a way that
it can still be read and placing the new entry nearby.
• Everything you do in the laboratory should be recorded in your lab
notebooks, including notes, drawings, data, speculations, etc.
• Never, under any circumstance, should you remove a page. This rule is to
prevent unscrupulous researchers from "losing" data that might not have
been favourable to their research objectives.
• Keep in mind that reports and presentations will be prepared from the
notebook. You should have much more information recorded in your
notebook than you can or should put on a poster or into a presentation
Organization of the Laboratory Notebook
What to go into your notebook?
• Include detailed notes on all discussions and thoughts on the experimental
goals. This means, of course, that you should start making dated entries
immediately rather than waiting until you get your experiment(s) started.
• Eventually, include detailed experimental
protocols that could be easily followed.
Give each experiment a name so that you
can refer to it quickly in subsequent entries.
All experimental protocols should indicate
exactly what measurements are going to be
taken.
• Provide full justification of experimental
details (species, temperature, reagents, etc.).
• Annotate all calculations so that all numbers, concentrations, etc. are fully
explained and would be interpretable. Remember to include units.
• Record experimental organisms providing assistance with data collection,
techniques, statistical advice, equipment loans, supplies funds.
What to go into your notebook?
• Record reagent details. Details include vendor and product information
(brand, product number, chemical structure, purity grade, lot number, date of
mixing/production, expiration date, etc.). Whenever water is used, specify
de-ionized, distilled, tap, cold, hot, etc
• Record equipment details (brand, model number, sensitivity…).
• Make quick drawings of experiment set-ups, etc.
• If you happen to record some data directly onto datasheets (e.g., Excel
spreadsheets), include dated entries for all such occasions or paste the
datasheet printout in your notebook.
• Detail all mistakes, problems with procedures, and lapses in data collection
so that you can fully explain "odd" results.
• Describe the locations of all samples, seeds, data binders, computer media,
etc., so they can be located in the future.
• Typically, the laboratory notebook should stay in the laboratory where the
experiments were conducted.