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John E. Dolce Transit Fleet Specialist Wendel Duchscherer Architects & Engineering Buffalo N.Y John Dolce Fleet Specialist Wendel [email protected] University of Wisconsin @ Milwaukee • This Session is Part of a Transit Online Course Program @ The University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee • Transit & Bus Corporate Fleet Management • Transit & Bus Shop Fleet Management • Transit & Bus Fleet Green Garages • Transit & Bus Fleet Case Studies • Contact… Ken Woodall, Director, Continuing Education….414-227-3332 • [email protected] Circumstances Choices Consequences Control 4 JOHN E. DOLCE EXPERIENCE • 10 Years Transit Bus Fleet & Facility Mgmt Experience • 10 Years Public Fleet, With Facility & Transit Bus Exp • 10 Years Utility Fleet & Facility Mgmt Experience • 10 Years Private Fleet & Facility Mgmt Experience We Are A Prisoner of Our Own Experience! Architects and Engineers provide savvy & experience in Facility Design & Construction Management 6 Fleet Manager • The Transit & Bus Fleet Manager Is The Smartest Person To Design The Proposed Garage And Monitor The Construction Process ! • There Are Many Professional People To Support The Transit & Bus Fleet Manager In This Process. • The Transit & Bus Fleet Manager “MUST” Take The Lead & Direct This Process. Safety • Reduce – – – – Facility accidents Vehicular accidents Workplace accidents Workers’ Compensation claims • Increase – Higher sense of safety awareness 8 Safety • Review accident logs and incidents • Identify trends for corrective action • Calculate Frequency Rate • Calculate Severity Rate 9 Energy Audit • Why conduct an audit? • Audit what you have now – – – – – Reduce your energy draw Maximize mechanical efficiencies Reduce Accidents & Incidents Increase productivity ROI 10 Benefits of an Energy Audit • Reduce carbon emissions by reducing electrical draw • Reduction in electrical draw reduces utility generation and ultimately reduces fossil fuel and gas usage • End User gets the $ credit 11 Reduce Your Energy Draw • Simple changes – Replace incandescent lighting with energy-saving compact fluorescents – Supplement electricity source with solar or wind technology – Planned facility and vehicle fuel reductions – Include & Incorporate Alternative Fuels Infrastructure. 12 Reduce Your Energy Draw • Simple changes – Rehab facilities with cost saving technologies – Build a new facility with cost saving technologies – Hybrid electric buses • Reduce carbon dioxide output • Reduce fuel usage • Alternative Fuel Friendly 13 Equipment Life Cycle Impacts Energy Requirements • All equipment has a life cycle – # years and/or # hours of operation • As equipment wears out, plan to replace it with more energy efficient equipment • Results are savings on utilities, fuels, and a reduction of carbon dioxide emissions 14 Estimated Life Cycles Shop Equipment Years Hours Hydraulic Lifts 20 41,000 Wheel Alignment 20 1,600 CNG Fueling Equipment 10 20,800 Spray Paint Booths 15 31,200 Forklift/Stacker 10 20,800 Bus Washer 15 31,200 Drill Press/Table Saw 20 41,600 Alternator Test Stand 15 31,200 Drill/Battery Room 20 41,600 15 Who Can Help? • Architects and engineers can help you by giving you alternatives for increasing your energy efficiencies – – – – Experienced in wide variety of facilities Up to date on best practices Experience in local building codes Experience in cost effective construction methods 16 Benefits of a Green Garage • Reduce carbon dioxide output/reduce carbon footprint – win/win for everyone – – – – Clean air/environment Avoid fines Qualify for carbon dioxide tax credits For the greater good – our families, children, the world 17 Impact of Fuel on the Environment Fuel 1 gallon of gasoline Carbon Dioxide Emissions Generated 20 lbs of CO₂ 1 gallon diesel fuel or kerosene 22 lbs of CO₂ 1 gallon LPG 13 lbs of CO₂ Metric ton of coal 5700 lbs of CO₂ 1000 cubic feet of methane gas 116 lbs of CO₂ 18 Regulatory Agency Support Fire Dept is “KING” EPA, DOT, Fire Department, DOE Municipal County State 19 Regulatory Agencies Permits & Fines Permission vs Forgiveness 20 Dedicated vs Dual fuel • • • • • • • • Flexibility for Fueling, Storms, Price of Fuel Short vs Long Distances Fuel Infrastructure, Cost, Location Driver Control Bridges, Tunnels Driver Training, Expectations, Cooperation Manufacturer, Warranty OEM Installation vs Aftermarket, Warranty Alternative Fuels • • • • • • • • CNG, Comp Nat Gas, Methane LNG, Liq, Methane (More Methane BTU’s @-270 F) Biodiesel, B-5, B-10, B-15, B-20, Cold, Glycerin Propane Fuel Cell, Hydrogen Electric Hybrid Ethanol CNG • Street Methane, Measure Lower Flammability Limit • Dedicated vs Dual Fuel • OEM vs Add On • 250-300 PSI In Street,3600 PSI Vehicle • 85% Air 15% CNG to 95% Air 5% Fuel • Safety, 5% of Lower Flammability =1% • Spark Plug in Engine 23 CNG Continued • • • • • • • • Quantity vs Diesel, Gas, Four To One Cost vs Diesel vs Gas Hydrostatic Tank Testing, 5 Years Reserve Of Fuel For Emergencies Maintenance, Facility Monitoring, Sensors, 4 ft Int In House Fueling Heavier vs Lighter Than Air Routing, Performance, Quiet, Reduced Smoke LNG • • • • • • • • • Methane, -260 Degrees Fahrenheit No Street Methane OEM vs Aftermarket, Spark Plug Delivery & Storage…More BTU’s per Than CNG Fueling, Apron, Face Shield, Gloves Dedicated vs Dual Fuel, Facility Monitoring, 1% Safety, Heavier vs Lighter Than Air Infrastructure, Routing, Performance, Quiet Reduced Smoke Exhaust Biodiesel • • • • • • • • Soy Based Waste Oils/Grease Based Mixing, Delivery, Blending Shelf Life, Bacteria Water Retention Safety, Facility Monitoring Characteristics, Performance Routing Propane • • • • • • • • Heavier Than Air Safety Monitor Lower Flammability Limit, 1%, Fire Dual Fuel vs Dedicated Delivery Storage, Outside, Flammable Emissions, Indoors, Material Handling Use Quiet Hydrogen , Fuel Cell • • • • • • • Hydrogen, Internal Combustion Reliability, Life Cycle 800 hours+/Emissions Applications Safety, Explosive, 1% Characteristics, Performance, Quiet Routing Electric • • • • • • • • Battery, Life, Quality, Replacement Process Plug In, 110 V, 220 V, 440 V, Outside, Hydrogen Travel Range Routing Performance Characteristic, Application Charging, Overnight, Quick Quiet Hybrid • • • • • • • • Gas, Diesel, Electric Light Duty, Cars, Vans, Light Trucks Heavy Duty, Transit Parallel, Volts, Amps, Ohms Series, Extended Range, Volts, Amps, Ohms Hydraulic, Pneumatic Regeneration, Plug In Outlets Quieter, Reduced Smoke Ethanol • • • • • • • Corrosive, Above + 10% Corn Based Ethanol Cellulosic Ethanol Blends Characteristics Storage Safety Cost • • • • • • • After Market Conversion vs OEM Infrastructure Emissions Reduction Return On Investment Maintenance Savings Extended Equipment & Fleet Service Life Reliability & Sustainability Emissions • • • • • • • CO2 Gas Carbon Emissions Solid Carbon Particulates Nitrogen Oxide SCR, Supplemental Catalytic Reduction Urea, Ammonia, 33%-67% Increased EGR, 2002,2007, 2010 33 Shop Upgrades • Fire Dept Is King • Lower Flammability Limit, CNG, Propane • Upper Flammability Limit, CNG, Propane • Sensors, Location(s), Upper Laser Beam, 50/50, Lower Flammability • Explosion Proof Motors, Equipment • Fire Drill Program, Differences 34 Regulatory agencies will target annual CO2 emission reductions Clean Air Act • The EPA will define calculations for a benchmark for CO2 emissions Proposed EPA Goal: Reduce C02Emissions Base Year 2005 By Year Reduce To 2012 97% 2020 2030 2050 80% 58% 17% 36 EPA Proposed Penalties • Proposed Fines are between $1-7 per metric ton of carbon dioxide • Organizations could be forced to purchase excess emission credits if you exceed target emission requirements 37 Benefits • Savings exceeded can be sold for income • Revenue generation will offset the cost of our compliance • Avoid fines And don’t forget the greater good! 38 Green Garage – Once in a Lifetime Event • A fleet business requires planning and sequencing to maximize efficiencies and productivity • With proper administrative and workspace allocation, a green garage offers: – Potential of reduced carbon footprint – Increased productivity 39 Stimulus Monies American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 • Was Designed to help North America’s Economic Recovery: – Spur economic activity to aid recovery – Increase energy efficiency and renewable energy programs – Reduce dependency on offshore petroleum products 40 Stimulus Monies • Funding limitations – make do with existing facilities and outdated equipment – Result is continued energy loss and lower productivity • Identify your alternatives – Purchase of hybrid vehicles – Reduce emissions via upgraded facility – Build a new facility with new equipment 41 What Impacts Productivity? Space and People • Goal is to maximize administrative and work space to facilitate the work process and emissions reduction 42 Scheduled Maintenance: Planned Activity to Maximize Productivity of Vehicles, Manpower and Facilities Maintenance – – – – – Preventive maintenance inspections Preventive maintenance generated repairs Driver daily write-ups Planned component changes Predictive maintenance 30 % 70% 43 Unscheduled Maintenance is Unplanned Repairs – – – – Road calls Breakdowns Premature component failures Repeat repairs 70% 30% 44 How are Space Needs Calculated? • Too much space vs. too little space – 1 bay per tech scheduled – 1 ½ bay per tech unscheduled 45 20,000 total hours of work per year • 2,000 hours of this work is performed outside the facility • 18,000 inside the facility 46 Staff 52 weeks x 40 hours = 2,080 annual hours Not at work At work indirect 280 hours per year 275 hours per year Misc. indirect 225 hours per year 47 2,080 Hours - 280 - 275 - 225 (not at work hours) (at work indirect) (misc. indirect) 1,300 net hours per tech avail 48 20,000 hours ÷ 1,300 hours = 17 technicians Productive Time 1300 Hours ? Bus Average Age Impacts Staffing 5 2012 New X1 = 5 5 2011 1 year X2 = 10 5 2010 2 years X4 = 20 5 2009 3 years X4 = 20 20 Buses 50 years Average age 2.5 years 50 30% of 17 technicians = 5 x 1 bay each = 5 bays, 1hr productive work 390 hrs productive work 70% of 17 technicians = 12 x 1.5 bays each = 18 bays, 3 hrs work = 1 hr productive work 434 hrs productive work 824 hrs of net productivity Solutions to Problems • Consider your options – – – – – Upgrade existing facility Expand existing shop Reduce its size Relocate to another facility Build a new and possibly a shared facility • What’s your process? 53 No-Build or Upgrade • Est. at $125 per sq ft • Facility and shop equipment costs will add est. 33% to total cost • Compare these with cost of new build • What is downside of NOT improving the space? – Excessive emissions and reduced productivity 55 New Build • Est. at $200 per sq ft – Presumes 12’ brick and mortar and 18’ steel outside, 28’ foot inside height, 10’ concrete pad w/electric and plumbing – Equipment will add est. 33% to total cost – Opportunity to include environmental upgrades – Option to create a shared facility and save $ 56 Compare Costs and Benefits Benefits of new build: • Improved workspace allocation with upgraded, more efficient shop equipment and upgraded, more efficient facility equipment = improved productivity, which reduces carbon dioxide emissions and impacts your carbon footprint 57 Design Build Sequence • • • • • • • • Pre-Design (6 months +/-) Schematic Design (6months +/-) Design Development (12 months +/-) Contract Documents (6 months +/-) RFP & RFQ Process – Award (6 months +/-) Start the Process – Permits (6 +/-) Construction Progress (2 years +/-) Move In – 5% Retainage Management (6 to 18 months) 58 Perspective The way customer sees it The way the contractor(s) sees it Should all be the same perspective! Transit & Bus Fleet Manager Takes The Lead Architect and Engineering firm ensures this common perspective 59 Questions? University of Wisconsin @ Milwaukee • • • • • Online Course Transit & Bus Corporate Fleet Management Transit & Bus Shop Fleet Management Transit & Bus Fleet Green Garages Transit & Bus Fleet Case Studies • Contact… Ken Woodall, Director, Continuing Education….414-227-3332 • [email protected]