AP World History Crash Course Review (Units 1-5)

M S . S H E E T S U N I V E R S I T Y H I G H S C H O O L

Foundations/Classical Period

C H A P T E R S 1 - 5

Neolithic Revolution 6000-4000 BCE

• • •

C H A R A C T E R I Z E D B Y T H E S T A R T O F A G R I C U L T U R E P E O P L E S E T T L E D A N D C I V I L I Z A T I O N S E M E R G E D S T A R T E D T R E A T I N G W O M E N L O W E R T H A N T R A D I T I O N A L H U N T E R - G A T H E R E R S O C I E T I E S

Caste System

• • • •

I N T R O D U C E D B Y T H E A R Y A N S T O T H E I N D I A N S ( H I N D U I S M )

• Wanted to distinguish themselves from non-Aryans

A S O C I A L O R D E R D E T E R M I N E D B Y K A R M A H E R E D I T A R Y ; O N L Y M A R R Y W I T H I N C A S T E S , A N D C O U L D N O T M O V E O U T O F C A S T E I N L I F E T I M E C A S T E S Y S T E M

• • • • • Brahmans (Priests) Kshatriya (Kings, warriors) Vaisya (Merchants) Sudra (Craftsmen and Artisans) The Untouchables

Hammurabi’s Code 1772 BCE

• • • •

M E S O P O T A M I A ( B A B Y L O N ) H A M M U R A B I ’ S C O D E W A S T H E F I R S T S E T O F W R I T T E N L A W L A W S W E R E S P E C I F I C T O S O C I A L S T A T U S A N D G E N D E R O F T H E O F F E N D E R .

P U N I S H M E N T S W E R E T O F I T T H E C R I M E ( E Y E F O R A N E Y E )

Mandate of Heaven

• • •

F O R M E D D U R I N G T H E Z H O U D Y N A S T Y T H A T J U S T I F I E D A R U L E R ’ S R E I G N .

S T A T E D T H A T T H E H E A V E N S W A N T E D A P E R S O N T O R U L E A N D I F T H E Y R U L E D B A D L Y , T H E Y C O U L D L O S E H E A V E N ’ S F A V O R .

P E R P E T U A T E S D Y N A S T Y C Y C L E B Y N E W D Y N A S T I E S A R G U I N G O L D D Y N A S T I E S H A V E L O S T T H E M A N D A T E

Ashoka 269-232 BCE

• • • • •

I N D I A N ; M A U R Y A N D Y N A S T Y ; C O N Q U E R E D M O S T O F I N D I A E X T E N D E D M A U R Y A N T E R R I T O R Y , G A I N I N G C O N T R O L O F A L L B U T S O U T H E R N T I P O F I N D I A C O N V E R T S T O B U D D H I S M , S P R E A D S B U D D H I S M T H R O U G H O U T I N D I A ; T O L E R A T E S H I N D U I S M W H I C H R E M A I N S T H E D O M I N A N T R E L I G I O N I N I N D I A I N C R E A S E D T R A D E , E X P A N D E D A G R I C U L T U R E E M P I R E D E C L I N E D A F T E R H I S R U L E

3 Ethical Systems of China

• • •

C O N F U C I A N I S M ( 5 5 1 - 4 7 8 B C E )

• Formed by Confucius • • Predominant philosophy

D A O I S M ( 5 T H C . B C E )

• Valued obedience and respect, emphasized proper societal role Valued nature, frugality, simplicity • Followed the force or “dao”

L E G A L I S M

• • Valued punishment for wrongdoing Strict ethical system; government must control people

Qin Shi Huangdi 221-201 BCE

• • • • • •

P R O C L A I M E D H I M S E L F “ F I R S T E M P E R O R O F C H I N A ” R U L E D A F T E R T H E W A R R I N G S T A T E S P E R I O D D U R I N G T H E Q I N D Y N A S T Y ( 2 2 1 - 2 0 1 B C E ) L E G A L I S T ; B U R N E D B O O K S U S E D F O R C E D L A B O R T O B U I L D T H E G R E A T W A L L O F C H I N A C E N T R A L I Z E D B U R E A U C R A C Y B Y T A K I N G C O N T R O L O F F E U D A L E S T A T E S U N I F I E D C H I N A C U L T U R A L L Y ; S T A N D A R D W E I G H T S , M E A S U R E S

Augustus Caesar 27 BCE – 14 CE

• • • • •

P A R T O F T H E S E C O N D T R I U M V I R A T E

• Augustus Caesar, Lepidus, and Marc Anthony

F O R M E D T H E R O M A N E M P I R E ; F I R S T R O M A N E M P E R O R L E D T O A P E R I O D O F R O M A N P E A C E ( P A X R O M A N A )

• Improvements in women’s status; public works; common coinage; stadiums; highway safety

M I L I T A R Y E X P A N S I O N

• Conquered Britain, Germany, Mesopotamia, Greece

F I R S T S O C I A L W E L F A R E – B R E A D A N D C I R C U S E S

• Creation of public approval through shallow means

Hellenism

• • • •

T H E S P R E A D O F G R E E K C U L T U R E B Y A L E X A N D E R T H E G R E A T C H A R A C T E R I Z E D B Y B L E N D O F G R E E K A N D M I D D L E E A S T E R N C U L T U R E S L O N G - D I S T A N C E T R A D E F L O U R I S H E D E N D S 1 4 6 B C E , W I T H C O N Q U E S T O F G R E E K P E N I N S U L A B Y R O M E

Post-Classical Period

C H A P T E R S 6 - 1 5

Manorialism

• • • • •

A G R E E M E N T B E T W E E N L A N D L O R D S A N D P E A S A N T L A B O R E R S ( S E R F S ) W H O L I V E O N E S T A T E S ( M A N O R S ) S E R F S W E R E O B L I G A T E D T O G I V E T H E I R L O R D A P O R T I O N O F T H E I R P R O D U C E L O R D S P R O T E C T E D S E R F S A N D P R O V I D E E V E R Y D A Y N E E D S L O C A L L E V E L ; N O I N V O L V E M E N T O F M I L I T A R Y L O C A L P O L I T I C S W I T H R E G I O N A L A R I S T O C R A T S I S M O S T C O M M O N F O R M O F O R G A N I Z A T I O N

• Abandon manorialism for feudalism during Viking invasions

Sunni v. Shi’ite

•

T W O M A I N B R A N C H E S O F I S L A M ( O R I G I N A L L Y A P O L I T I C A L D I S P U T E )

• • Sunni: argued that rule didn’t have to be direct descendant from Muhammad (Abu Bakr) 85% • • Shi’ite: ruler had to be a direct descendant from Muhammad (Ali) 15%

Sinification

• •

T H E S P R E A D O F C H I N E S E C U L T U R E E V I D E N T I N K O R E A , V I E T N A M , J A P A N

• • • • Taika Reforms in Japan Cities, schools, courts organized like Chinese Buddhism spreads Chinese writing and law codes

Great Schism 1054

• • •

P O P E E X C O M M U N I C A T E D T H E P A T R I A R C H O F C O N S T A N T I N O P L E , A N D T H E P A T R I A R C H E X C O M M U N I C A T E D T H E P O P E

• Clerical celibacy; which bread?; state >church or church>state?

W E S T E R N E U R O P E

• Catholicism; Pope in Rome; Priests practice celibacy, use Latin; Iconoclasm

E A S T E R N E U R O P E

• Greek (later Russian) Orthodox; Patriarch in Constantinople; Clergy could marry; Greek language

Five Pillars

• • • • •

C O N F E S S I O N O F F A I T H :

• Allah is the only god, Muhammad is his prophet

P I L G R I M A G E T O M E C C A C H A R I T Y F A S T I N G D U R I N G R A M A D A N

• Commemorates Muhammad’s first revelation

P R A Y 5 T I M E S A D A Y

Magna Carta 1215

• • •

S I G N E D B Y K I N G J O H N I N 1 2 1 5 R E C O G N I Z E S T H E S U P R E M A C Y O F W R I T T E N L A W C R E A T E D A P A R L I A M E N T T O R E S T R I C T K I N G J O H N ’ S P O W E R S

Pax Mongolica 13

th

-14

th

centuries

• • • • •

M O N G O L P E A C E R E L A T I V E P E A C E A M O N G T H E L A N D C O N Q U E R E D B Y T H E M O N G O L S F R E E D O M O F R E L I G I O N I N C R E A S E I N W O M E N ’ S R I G H T S F A C I L I T A T E D S I L K R O A D T R A D E

• Spread Bubonic Plague

Split Inheritance

• • • •

I N C A P R A C T I C E 1 S T B O R N S O N H A S T H R O N E 2 N D B O R N S O N H A S W E A L T H T H I S L E D T O 1 S T B O R N H A V I N G T O C O N Q U E R N E W L A N D S T O G A I N W E A L T H E V E R Y G E N E R A T I O N

Empress Wu 690-705

• • • • • •

O N L Y F E M A L E T O E V E R R U L E C H I N A T A N G D Y N A S T Y W I S H E D T O M A K E B U D D H I S M S T A T E R E L I G I O N S U P P O R T E D B U D D H I S T A R T A N D S H R I N E S E N D O W S M O N A S T E R I E S G I V E S T A X B R E A K S A N D D O N A T I O N S O F L A N D T O B U D D H I S T S

Kublai Khan

• • • • • •

T O O K T H E T I T L E O F G R E A T K H A N C O N Q U E R E D C H I N A ; Y U A N D Y N A S T Y ( 1 2 7 9 - 1 3 6 8 ) W I F E P L A Y E D A N I N F L U E N T I A L R O L E I N G O V E R N M E N T D I S T I N C T I O N S B E T W E E N M O N G O L S A N D C H I N E S E C I V I L S E R V I C E E X A M D I S B A N D E D D I S L I K E D B Y C H I N E S E

Feudalism in Europe and Japan

• •

E U R O P E

• King •

J A P A N

• Lords • Knights (Vassals) Peasants (serfs) • • Shogun • Daimyo Samurai • Peasants

Early Modern Era

C H A P T E R S 1 6 - 2 2

Martin Luther

• • • •

U P S E T B Y I N D U L G E N C E A N D C O R R U P T I O N I N C A T H O L I C C H U R C H 1 5 1 7 : W R I T E S 9 5 T H E S E S O R D E R E D T O R E C A N T A T D I E T O F W O R M S , B U T R E F U S E S S P R E A D O F L U T H E R A N I S M

• • • • • Salvation is by faith alone Bible is ultimate authority All humans equal in eyes of God Literacy increases; promotion of love between husband and wife Printing press

Counter Reformation

•

C O U N C I L O F T R E N T C R E A T E D C H A N G E S I N T H E C H U R C H I N R E S P O N S E T O L U T H E R A N D O T H E R S

• Attempted to strengthen church by teaching and missionary work • • Abandon sale of indulgences Use art to assert personal relationship with Christ

Sociedad de castas

• • • • • • •

N E W S P A I N S O C I A L O R D E R P E N I N S U L A R E S : C O L O N I S T S B O R N I N E U R O P E C R E O L E S : P E O P L E B O R N I N C O L O N I E S T O S P A N I S H P A R E N T S M E S T I Z O S : P E O P L E W I T H E U R O P E A N A N D L A T I N A M E R I C A N D E S C E N T M U L A T T O S : P E O P L E W I T H E U R O P E A N A N D A F R I C A N D E S C E N T I N D I A N S S L A V E S

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

• • • •

D I V I D E D T H E U N C L A I M E D R E G I O N S O F T H E W O R L D B E T W E E N S P A I N A N D P O R T U G A L

• Awards Brazil to Portugal

S P A I N G E T S E A S T O F L I N E ; P O R T U G A L , W E S T I N E F F E C T I V E A N D S O M E T I M E S I G N O R E D R E M E D Y T O P O P E ’ S L I N E O F D E M A R C A T I O N ( 1 4 9 3 )

Janissaries

• • •

O T T O M A N E M P I R E S T A N D I N G A R M Y O F C O N V E R T E D A N D A B D U C T E D Y O U N G C H R I S T I A N B O Y S O L D I E R S F R O M T H E B A L K A N S C O N T R O L L E D T H E A R T I L L E R Y A N D F I R E A R M S S O T H E Y W E R E T H E M O S T P O W E R F U L C O M P O N E N T O F T H E M I L I T A R Y

Akbar the Great 1560-1605

• • • • • • • •

M U G H A L E M P I R E M U G H A L G O L D E N A G E I N I N D I A H A D A V I S I O N T O R E U N I T E I N D I A M O D E R N I Z E D M I L I T A R Y R E L I G I O U S T O L E R A N C E ; D I N - I - I L A H I O U T L A W E D S A T I E N C O U R A G E D R E M A R R I A G E ; D I S C O U R A G E D C H I L D M A R R I A G E ; D I S C O U R A G E D F E M A L E S E C L U S I O N E N C O U R A G E D G O O D R E L A T I O N S H I P S B E T W E E N M U S L I M S A N D H I N D U S

Zheng He 1405-1433

• • •

M I N G D Y N A S T Y E X P L O R E R S T O P P E D D U E T O E X P E N S E O F E N O R M O U S S H I P S A N D X E N O P H O B I A P R O M O T E D B Y N E O C O N F U C I A N S

Ivan III (Ivan the Great) 1462-1505

• • •

E X P E L L E D T H E M O N G O L S F R O M R U S S I A A S S E R T E D C O N T R O L O V E R A L L O R T H O D O X C H U R C H E S E X T E N D S R U S S I A N T E R R I T O R Y

Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868

• •

T O K U G A W A I E Y A S U C O N S O L I D A T E S P O W E R O N J A P A N B Y R E O R G A N I Z I N G D A I M Y O S A R O U N D H I M S E L F P R O H I B I T E D J A P A N E S E T O L E A V E J A P A N A N D A L L O W E D M I N I M A L W E S T E R N C O N T A C T

• • • European contact was with Dutch and only on Deshima Island Little contact with China and Koreas Culture thrived: Buddhism and Shinto remained center

Modern Era

C H A P T E R S 2 3 - 2 7

Napoleon Bonaparte 1801-1815

• • • • • •

E M P E R O R O F F R E N C H E M P I R E Q U I C K L Y T A K E S O V E R M U C H O F E U R O P E B U T S T O P P E D I N R U S S I A N W I N T E R I N 1 8 1 2 T R I E S T O C O N Q U E R E G Y P T ; F A I L S I N B A T T L E O F P Y R A M I D S A N D B A T T L E O F N I L E E X I L E D T O E L B A I N T R E A T Y O F F O N T A I N E B L E A U

• Escapes, re-gathers an army

C A P T U R E D A T B A T T L E O F W A T E R L O O

• Exiled to St. Helena

C A U S E S N A T I O N A L I S M T O S P R E A D T H R O U G H O U T E U R O P E

Toussaint L’Ouverture 1791-1804

• •

H A I T I W A S A F R E N C H C O L O N Y F O R S U G A R L E D H A I T I A N S T O V I C T O R Y A G A I N S T T H E F R E N C H I N T H E H A I T I A N R E V O L U T I O N

• Claims Enlightenment and French Revolution ideas apply to French colonies

Monroe Doctrine 1823

•

D O C U M E N T I S S U E D B Y J A M E S M O N R O E T H A T P R O H I B I T E D E U R O P E A N I N T E R F E R E N C E W I T H L A T I N A M E R I C A N C O U N T R I E S

Sepoy Rebellion 1857

• • •

S E P O Y S : N A T I V E S O F I N D I A T H A T A R E L O Y A L T O E U R O P E A N P O W E R S E P O Y S A N G E R E D B Y N E W R I F L E S T H A T R E Q U I R E T H E M T O U S E T H E I R T E E T H T O T E A R O P E N C A R T R I D G E S

• Animal fat as lubricant

L E D T O B R I T I S H R A J A N D D I S S O L U T I O N O F B R I T I S H E A S T I N D I A C O M P A N Y

Berlin Conference

• • • •

I S S U E D B Y O T T O V A N B I S M A R K T O D I V I D E A F R I C A A M O N G E U R O P E A N I M P E R I A L P O W E R S

• Scramble for Africa

H E L D L I T T L E R E G A R D T O C U L T U R A L B O U N D A R I E S O F T H E A F R I C A N P E O P L E A F R I C A N R E P R E S E N T A T I V E S N O T P R E S E N T L E D T O A F R I C A N U N R E S T , V I O L E N C E , A N D D I F F I C U L T Y I N E S T A B L I S H I N G I N D E P E N D E N C E

Spanish-American War 1898

• • • • •

C U B A N S R E B E L A G A I N S T S P A I N

• US businesses concerned about their investments in Cuban sugar and tobacco

U S S M A I N E E X P L O D E D I N H A V A N A H A R B O R

• “Remember the Maine; to Hell with Spain!”

U S G O E S T O W A R A G A I N S T S P A I N U S G A I N S P U E R T O R I C O , T H E P H I L I P P I N E S , A N D G U A M “ I N D E P E N D E N C E ” F O R C U B A

• Allowed for direct US involvement in Caribbean

Opium War 1839-1842

• • • •

B R I T I S H B E G A N S E L L I N G O P I U M T O C H I N A A N D A L T H O U G H C H I N A O U T L A W S I T , B R I T I S H C O N T I N U E T O T R A D E C H I N A W A N T S T O E N D B R I T I S H T R A D E ; B R I T I S H A R G U E F O R F R E E T R A D E R I G H T S B R I T A I N A N D F R A N C E E A S I L Y O V E R P O W E R C H I N A T R E A T Y O F N A N K I N G

• • • Hong Kong is British colony for European trade Extraterritorality rights Spheres of Influence

Global Era

C H A P T E R S 2 8 - 3 6

Sun Yat-Sen

• • •

F I R S T P R E S I D E N T O F T H E R E P U B L I C O F C H I N A L E A D E R O F N A T I O N A L I S T S ( K U O M I N T A N G ) D I E S 1 9 2 5 ; N A T I O N A L I S T S L E D B Y C H I A N G K A I - S H E K

World War I 1914-1918

• • • • • •

M A I N C A U S E S

• Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

S P A R K E D B Y A S S A S S I N A T I O N O F A U S T R I A N A R C H D U K E F E R D I N A N D B Y S E R B I A N N A T I O N A L I S T P R I N C I P G E R M A N Y A T T E M P T S T O T A K E F R A N C E T H R O U G H A T T A C K I N G B E L G I U M ; S T A L E M A T E ( T R E N C H W A R F A R E )

• Schlieffen Plan

T R I P L E A L L I A N C E V S . T R I P L E E N T E N T E

• Austria, Germany, Italy (who will switch) • • England, France, Russia (later America) US joins (Zimmerman Telegram + Lusitania)

R U S S I A W I T H D R A W S ( T R E A T Y O F B R E S T - L I T O V S K ) T R E A T Y O F V E R S A I L L E S , 1 9 1 9

Balfour Declaration 1917

• • •

J E W I S H N A T I O N A L I S T S L I V I N G I N B R I T A I N ( Z I O N I S T S ) A P P E A L T O A R T H U R B A L F O U R

• Led by Theodor Herzl after Dreyfus Affair

B A L F O U R I S S U E S T H E B A L F O U R D E C L A R A T I O N , W H I C H G R A N T S J E W S R I G H T S T O T H E H O L Y L A N D , A S L O N G A S P A L E S T I N I A N S A R E N O T D I S P L A C E D

• The problem is there is no way to do that.

U L T I M A T E L Y L E A D S T O C O N S T A N T W A R F A R E .

Kwame Nkrumah

• • •

1 9 5 7 : P R I M E M I N I S T E R O F I N D E P E N D E N T G H A N A

• Gained complete independence from Britain • Fairly peaceful decolonization as there is not a large amount of Europeans present

T R I E S T O R E V I V E T R A D I T I O N A L A F R I C A N C U L T U R E B E C O M E S A L E F T I S T A U T H O R I T A R I A N R U L E R A N D I S O V E R T H R O W N B Y A M I L I T A R Y C O U P W H I L E V I S I T I N G V I E T N A M

Vladimir Lenin

• • • • •

L E A D E R O F T H E B O L S H E V I K P A R T Y F E B R U A R Y R E V O L U T I O N 1 9 1 7

• • Nicholas II abdicates, later his family is killed, ends Romanovs Provisional government put in place

O C T O B E R R E V O L U T I O N , 1 9 1 7

• Lenin and Communist Party take power in Russia

R E F O R M S

• Gave land to peasants • Control of factories given to workers • Withdrew from WWI

N E W E C O N O M I C P O L I C Y

• Reforms in order to promote agricultural development • Reduce economic strain on peasants

World War II 1939-1945

• • • • • • • •

A X I S V S . A L L I E D P O W E R S

• Germany, Japan, Italy • US, UK, Soviet Union

J A P A N S E I Z E S M A N C H U R I A , E X P A N D S I N T O C H I N A ( R A P E O F N A N K I N G ) H I T L E R A N D S T A L I N ’ S N O N - A G G R E S S I O N P A C T , 1 9 3 9 B L I T Z K R I E G J A P A N A T T A C K S P E A R L H A R B O R ; U S U S E S A T O M I C B O M B S B A T T L E O F M I D W A Y A N D B A T T L E O F S T A L I N G R A D A R E T U R N I N G P O I N T S B A T T L E O F B U L G E I S G E R M A N Y ’ S L A S T E F F O R T ; H I T L E R C O M M I T S S U I C I D E H O L O C A U S T

Cold War 1945-1991

• • • • • •

U S A N D W E S T E R N E U R O P E V S . R U S S I A A N D E A S T E R N E U R O P E

• Capitalism, Democracy • Communism, Dictatorships • NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

I R O N C U R T A I N V I E T N A M W A R , K O R E A N W A R M A R S H A L L P L A N F O R E C O N O M I C R E B U I L D I N G C O N T A I N M E N T R E D S C A R E

Great Leap Forward 1958-1960

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C H I N A ; M A O Z E D O N G C R E A T I O N O F L A R G E C O M M U N E S M E A N T T O H A R M O N I Z E M A O ’ S I D E A L O F A I D Y L L I C R U R A L C H I N A M A D E U P O F P E A S A N T S Y E T S T I L L I N D U S T R I A L I Z E B A C K Y A R D I N D U S T R I E S ( S T E E L ) W I D E S P R E A D F A M I N E M A O N O L O N G E R L E A D E R O F C H I N A A F T E R , B U T S T I L L P A R T Y L E A D E R

Rowlatt Act 1919

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L A W P A S S E D B Y B R I T I S H I N I N D I A L I M I T I N G F R E E S P E E C H , R I G H T S O F P R E S S , E T C .

I N D I C A T E S T O I N D I A N S T H A T B R I T I S H A R E N O T G E N U I N E A B O U T M O V I N G I N D I A T O I N D E P E N D E N C E S P U R S N A T I O N A L I S M

Ayatollah Khomeini

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R U L E D I N I R A N A F T E R I R A N I A N R E V O L U T I O N O F 1 9 7 9 O V E R T H R O W S S H A H S R E L I G I O U S R E V I V A L I S M R E J E C T I O N O F T H E W E S T I S L A M I C F U N D A M E N T A L I S T

• • Women required to wear traditional clothing Stoning for adulterous women • • Amputation for limbs Qu’ran becomes basis of legal system

Saddam Hussein

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D I C T A T O R O F I R A Q I R A N - I R A Q W A R

• Attacks Iran to gain oil fields in Western Iran

P E R S I A N G U L F W A R

• Attacked Kuwait to attempt to gain larger share of world’s oil

K I L L E D A T S T A R T O F 2 1 S T C E N T U R Y

Apartheid

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S O U T H A F R I C A ; L E G A L R A C I S M A F R I K A N E R S I M P L E M E N T I T L E D T O S O U T H A F R I C A N I N D E P E N D E N C E F R O M P R O T E S T L E D B Y N E L S O N M A N D E L A

• • Mandela jailed, but later freed First president in South Africa in free and legal election