Transcript The Spread of Greek Culture

The Spread of Greek Culture
The Macedonians
and
Alexander the Great
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• Macedonia
• Region in North-Central
mainland Greece
• According to legend
founded by people from
Argos
• Macedonians consider
themselves Greek, other
Greeks do not.
– Viewed as barbarians
• Generally poor and
divided
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• Philip II
• Studied in Southern
Greece
– Diplomacy and Military
• Appointed regent after
older brothers die
– Takes throne from nephew
• Unites Macedonia
• Uses diplomacy and
military might to make
Macedonia powerful
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• Macedonian Military
under Philip II
• Macedonian Phalanx
– Slightly different than
traditional Spartan
– Used Sarissa (longer
spear 13-21 ft. long)
• Flip-flopping alliances
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• Macedonian Military
under Philip II
(Don’t write this)
“He is always taking in
more, everywhere
casting his net ‘round
us, while we sit idle and
do nothing. When,
Athenians, will you take
the necessary action?
What are you waiting
for?” -Demosthenes
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• Macedonian Military
under Philip II
• 338 B.C. Athens and
Thebes join to stop
them
– Unsuccessful
• End of Philip II
• After conquers Greece
plans to invade Persia
• 336 B.C. Assassinated
– Killed by bodyguard at
theater
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• The rise of Alexander the
Great
• Alexander III of
Macedonia (356-323 B.C.)
• Inherited throne at age
20 after father (Philip)
killed
• Legends about his birth
and childhood
• At 13 began to be tutored
by Aristotle
– Philip rebuilt town as
payment
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• The rise of Alexander
the Great
• At 16 tutoring ended
• While Philip was away
at war, left Alex as
regent and heir
apparent
– Revolt in southern
kingdom, Alex drives
them out
– Establishes
Alexandropolis
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• Ruler of Macedonia and
beyond
• First thing after Philip
dies – consolidates
power
– Has potential rivals killed
• Subjugated city-states
rebel (including Thebes
and Athens)
– Alex leads cavalry South
– Very little real fighting
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• Ruler of Macedonia and
beyond
• Secures northern and
southern boarders
– 1 yr. back and forth
• Invades Persian Empire
– Huge force (48K soldiers,
6K cavalry, 120 ships
with 38K sailors)
– Battle of Granicus
• 1st major battle
• Victorious, learns a lot
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• Ruler of Macedonia and
beyond
• Invades Persian Empire
(continued)
• The Battle of Issus
– Alex outnumbered ~2/1
– Persians defeated, King
Darius III flees
– Generous to those he
conquered
• The Siege of Tyre
– Alex given land extending
to Euphrates River, money,
and a wife
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• The India Campaign
• Moves into Egypt –
Mesopotamia – India
• Uses both “diplomacy”
and military to conquer
– Most joined out of fear
• 327 Alexander
wounded in the
shoulder and ankle
• Very bloody campaign
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• The India Campaign
• Battle of the Hydaspes
– 326 B.C., Vs. King Porus
– 12K dead, 9K POWs
– Alexander impressed
with Porus, makes him
the satrap (ruler) of the
region
• Mutiny and Return
– Hyphasis River, men are
tired and worried about
large armies further East
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• The end of Alexander
• On the way home
– set satraps straight
(executions)
– Took care of his soldiers
• June 323 B.C. died
– In Babylonian palace
– Many theories about his
death
• assassination via poison,
water poisoning, malaria,
typhoid fever
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• After Alexander
• No heir
• Fighting and quarreling
for ~ 50 years
• Empire divided into
three kingdoms
– Greece and Macedonia,
Egypt, and Persia
– Ruled by former
commanders
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• The Hellenistic Age
• 323 – 146 B.C.
– From the death of
Alexander to Greece
being conquered by the
Romans
• Hellenistic – describes
Greek history and
culture after
Alexander’s death
– Hellas- what the Greeks
called their land
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• The Hellenistic Age
• New cities built through
out new kingdoms
• Greek soldiers stay and
settle, traders and
artisans follow.
– Alexander’s vision of
integrated cultures
realized
– Cultural Diffusion
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• The Hellenistic Age
• Alexandria, Egypt
– Founded by Alexander in
332 B.C.
– Center for business and
trade
– Lighthouse at Alexandria
– Center for learning,
largest library in the
ancient world
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The Spread of Greek Culture
• The Hellenistic Age
• Math and Science
– Euclid (Yoo-klid)
develops geometry
– Eratosthenes calculates
the circumference of the
Earth. Only off by ~300k
miles
• Round Earth
– Archimedes develops
pulleys and levers
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