Transcript Radiation Safety Induction for Radiology Registrars

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Radiation Safety Induction
for Radiology Registrars
John Saunderson
Radiation Protection Adviser
CHH ext 76-1329
Ionising / Non-ionising
Ionising radiations
Not ionising radiations
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x-rays
gamma rays (-rays)
beta particles ()
electron beams
lasers
ultraviolet (UV)
infrared (IR)
ultrasound
MRI
Radiation hazards
30 January 2004
700 CANCER CASES
CAUSED BY X-RAYS
X-RAYS used in everyday detection of diseases and broken bones are
responsible for about 700 cases of cancer a year, according to the most detailed
study to date.
Average X-ray exam dose = 0.5 millisieverts ► 1 in 40,000 risk
The research showed that 0.6 per cent of the 124,000 patients found to have
cancer each
year
can attribute=the
to X-ray
exposure.
Diagnostic
XUK
Radiology
46disease
million
X-rays
per year
(2008)
rays, which are used in conventional radiography and imaging techniques such
as CT scans, are the largest man-made source of radiation exposure to the
general population.
Although such X-rays provide great benefits, it is generally accepted that their
Basic Principals of Radiation Protection
• Justification
– Benefit > risk
• Optimisation
– Doses as low as reasonably achievable
• Limitation
– Absolute legal limits for staff and public
– Reference levels as guidance for patients.
Regulations
• Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 (IRR99)
– Justification, optimisation, limitation
– Local rules, radiation protection supervisors
• Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure)
Regulations 2000 (IRMER2000)
– Referrers, practitioners, operators
– Justification & optimisation
• Medicines (Administration of Radioactive
Substances) Regs 1978 (ARSAC)
– Nuclear medicine
Organising radiation safety (IRR99)
 Controlled Areas
 Local Rules
 Radiation Protection Supervisor
 Radiation Protection Adviser
 Radiographer.
Controlled Area
•
No-one may enter a controlled area
unless
1. They are a classified person
2. They are following the local rules/system of
work for that area
16/07/2015
IRMER
Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposures) Regulations 2000
• Referrers
– allowed to request medical exposure
– Trust decides who can e.g. GP, consultant, etc.
• Practitioners
– Justifies X-ray - decides there is net benefit
– Trust decides who can e.g. radiologist
• Operator
– Performs “practical aspects”
– Trust decides who can e.g. radiographer, technician .
Medicines (Administration of Radioactive
Substances) Regs 1978
(“MARS” / “ARSAC”)
• “No person shall administer to a human being
(otherwise than to himself) any radioactive
medicinal product unless he is doctor or dentist
holding a certificate issued by the Health Minister
for the purposes of section 60 of the Act in respect
of radioactive medicinal products (hereinafter
referred to as a “certificate”) or a person acting in
accordance with the directions of such a doctor or
dentist.” .
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Radiation in hospitals
• Radioactive substances
– nuclear medicine
– pathology
– radiotherapy
• X-ray sources
– Radiology
– Radiotherapy
– Pathology .
Leakage
Basic Principles
 Time
 Distance
 Shielding
Distance
•Double distance = 1/4 dose
•Triple distance = 1/9th dose.
Shielding
Shielding
Typical Transmission
through Shielding (90 kV)
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0.25 mm lead rubber apron  8.5%
0.35 mm lead rubber apron  5%
2 x 0.25 mm apron  2.5%
2 x 0.35 mm apron  1.0%
• Double brick wall  0.003%
• Plasterboard stud wall  32%
• Solid wooden 1” door  81%
• Code 3 lead (1.3 mm)  0.1%.
Lead Apron Storage
• Always return to hanger
• Do not
– fold
– dump on floor and run trolleys
over the top of them!!!
• X-ray will check annually
• But if visibly damaged, ask
X-ray to check them.
The End