Transcript Slide 1

Renewable Energy
Workshop
Biomass
From
Forest, Farm & City
Forest
Biomass
City
Farm
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Forest Biomass
What’s out there ??
Slash
Non-Merchantable
Log Merchandizing
Defect
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More !!
Windrows
Windrows represent about 15% of the total stand area
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And More !!
Logging Debris
Chips
Chipper Frass
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And More !!
Disease
Insects
Fire
Blowdown
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And More !!
Low Quality Stands
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And More !!
Plantation Thinnings
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Plus Heritage Piles
Lot’s of Stuff
40 feet
Up Close
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What’s Available ? What’s the Benefit ?
Source
Million M³
(wet tons)
Number of
Households
Low Quality Stands
(Allocated - Not Harvested)
5.1
310,503
Slash/Cull from Allocated but
Not Harvested
1.8
108,676
Slash/Cull from Harvest
3.1
188,737
Harvest Residual
(High Grading and By-Pass)
4.5
273,973
Fire
(5 year average)
9.8
596,651
Disease
(5 year average)
13.3
797,565
Insects
(5 year average)
7.1
432,268
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What’s the Outlook ? Annual Forest Depletion
Millions of Cubic Metres
All Working Groups – mid-90’s
70
Climate Change  Stress  Mortality
60
50
Can We Expect Increased Mortality?
40
?
30
20
10
0
CAI
Harvest
Pests
Fire
H+P+F
• Yes, BC precedent, over 600 MM³ killed by Mtn. Pine Beetle, in an area
nearly equal to the size of Wisconsin – 60,000 square miles!
• Mortality directly linked to climate change. No -40°C  Larva survive
• Beetle is in Alberta! Risk of migration to Jack Pine is real.
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Farm Biomass
Switch Grass - a Weed ?
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Willow: Growin’ Like a Weed !
Pasture & Abandon
Land Available for Planting
In Ontario
1.2 Million ha !!!
At 3 Months
After Coppicing
At 3
Years !!
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Municipal Solid Waste
“MSW”
Some Very Old Biomass
C&D Wood Waste
Medical Waste
Tires
Mixed
Plastics
E - Waste
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Biomass
Processing
&
Densification
Processing Requirements
Type
Waste
Cleaning &
Sorting
Drying
Sizing
Processing
Cost
Shavings
L
L
L
1
Sawdust
L
M
L
2
Hog or
Heritage
Chips
H
H
M-H
5
M
M
H
4
Farm Plant
Waste
M
L
M
3
MSW
H
L
M-H
4
“TIPPING FEE”
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Densification
Fire Wood
Grains
Liquids
Natural
Wood or Grass
Pellets or
Brickets
Chips
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Energy Density Comparisons
Energy Option
Grass bales
Grass brickets/pellets
Poultry litter
Wood – green chips (40-50 % moisture)
Wood – dry chips (20 % moisture)
Wood pellets
Bio-liquid – traditional pyrolysis – wood
Bio-liquid – advanced pyrolysis – wood
Coal
Number 2 Fuel Oil
BTU/pound
7,100
7,600
6,000
4,500
Moisture
6,900
Densificaion
7,500
8,000
Innovation
17,000
Replace
Fossil Fuels 15,200
19,200
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Energy Use
BTU: British Thermal Unit = heat required to Raise
Temperature of 1 pound of water 1F
Size of Your Home
Square Feet
4000
3000
2000
1kWh = 3,413 BTU’s. A 2,000
sq.ft. home using 60,000 BTU is
equivalent 17.6 kWh/day
1000
0
30
60
90
Thousand BTU’s/Day
120
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Relative Comparison of Alternative
Energy
Sources
40
Cost per Million BTU’s
Ontario Source
Oregon Source
30
20
10
0
Propane
Heating
Oil
Electricity
Grain
(Corn)
Wood
Pellets
Natural
Gas
Fire
Wood
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Comparative “Heating” Costs for
A 2000 Sq Ft Home for 2008
Heat Cost – 2000 sq ft Home
3000
Source: Grain Store Supplier
2000
1000
Electricity
Heating
Oil
Propane
Wood
Pellets
Natural
Gas
Grain
(Corn)
Fire
Wood
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Efficiency Comparisons
“The amount of energy harvested
from 1 hectare of land minus all
energy inputs to produce a fuel
shows wide variation”
Efficiency Comparisons
BioGas Electricity (corn)
Ethanol From Grain
Biodiesel (rapseed)
2nd Generation Biofuels (FT)
BioGas as Traffic Fuel (corn)
BioGas CHP (corn)
Short Rotation Forestry
(Direct Combustion)
0
1GJ = 950,000 BTU = 278 kWh
50
100
150
200
Net Energy Yield (GJ/ha)
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Efficiency + Cost
Comparisons
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Why not use biomass options for electricity
production, car fuels and heating?

Unfortunately, there is not sufficient quantity to serve
all 3 markets.

Strive for maximum net energy at lowest cost, right?

Keep a close eye on pricing trends and subsidies for
alternatives relevant to your needs.
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% Energy Loss
In Converting
Biomass
Efficiency Comparisons: Biomass to Heat
80
40
0
Subsidy/MW
In Canada Dollars
Minimum
Maximum
Pellets
Electricity
Biofuels (FT)
75
150
Minimum
Maximum
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Efficiency Comparisons
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Comparison: Energy loss and subsidy distribution are closely linked.

Why do the most inefficient energy systems get the highest
subsidy??......OUR tax dollars

Note:
• A 10 kW electric “heating” system can be replaced by a simple pellet stove
(efficiency >90%) for $3,000
• Client cost = $105/MW versus $242/MW for direct heating with electricity

Producing electricity from biomass without using the heat is the most
inefficient use of primary energy……
And there is MORE
We Need to Change Our
Energy Use Patterns
Oil
Transport
Gas
Hydro
Wind
Solar-E
Electricity
Light
Information
Power
Solar-H
Biomass
Inefficient
Heating
Cooling
Efficient
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Technology
Fire Wood
Free Standing
Outdoor – Space & Water Heat
Insert
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Pellets
Free Standing
Furnace/Boiler with
Auto-Feed
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Bio-Gas
Anerobic
Fermentation
Gasification
Close-Coupled
Typically Animal
Waste
Typically Plant or
Recycled Waste
Anaerobic Digestion
“Cow Power”
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Gasification
“Hot Air”
Tars & Other
Particulates
Combustion
&
Gasification
Gas
Clean-up
#1
Gas
Separation
Gas
Clean-up
#2
GasTurbine
Catalyst
Treatment
Alcohols
Waste
Heat
Boiler
Ash Waste
Steam
Turbine
Biomass
MSW
Note: “Gasifiers” that use the
gas internally (close-coupled)
are,“technically”, combustion
units.
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Bio-Liquids
• Acidic/Corrosive
• 25% Water
• Biphasic
• Heated Storage
• 8.0 K BTU/lb
Fast Pyrolysis
Liquid
• Heavy Odor
• Not miscible in oil
Transportable, Modular and
Remote Access
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Hi Value – Hi Return
Waste Remediation + Energy Production
Carbon
Black
Oil from
Tires
Oil from
Mixed Plastic
• Miscible in oil
Steel
Belts
• Less than .05% Water
• Minimal Odor
• 18.0 K BTU/lb
• pH neutral
• Stores well
Comparable to
#1 Fuel Oil
Comparable to
#2 Fuel Oil
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Realistic Burning
Options
for
Today
Market Ready Options

Firewood
• Wood Stove/Boiler:
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In home – space heat. Basic combustion unit
In yard – space and/or water heat. Combustion or Close-Coupled Gasifer)
Lower cost, particularly using family labor
• Suited for folks with time they can dedicate to bucking, splitting, stacking
and lugging, lugging and stacking, cleaning house, etc.

Pellets (Wood or Grain)
• Pellet Stove: Space Heat

Cleaner, less ash/particulates, pellet supply, pellet quality (white vs. brown)
• Pellet Furnace: Space and/or Water Heat
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Buildings between 2,500 to 50,000 sq ft
Heating capacity less than 800 kW (Chips best for 800kW, or larger)
Examples
• Home: 2,000 sq. ft.  60,000 BTU (17.6 kWh/day) (Pellet Stove)
• Small: 12,000 sq. ft.  420,000 BTU (123 kWh/day) (Pellet Furnace)
• Medium: 105, 000 sq. ft.  2,500,000 BTU (Chip Boiler)
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Close-up – Living with Wood
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Northern Ontario Home – 3,000 sq. ft. – Two wood stoves
Tandum Load = 22 face cords = $700 (annual)
Saw = $600 (10 year life)
Bucking and Stacking = 10 days, 1 person = $1,000, or in-kind
Chains, Chain oil, Gas, Maintenance, etc. = $250 (annual)
Splitter + 2 people for 2 days = $340, or in-kind
Hauling and Stacking – 2 people = $200, or in-kind
Daily hauling from wood pile to house = In-kind
Ash removal – 1 person once a week = In-kind
Chimney cleaning – 1 person twice a year = $200, or in-kind
Comfort - Priceless
Note: Assumes neighborhood labor…..kids at 10 bucks an hour
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Household Consumption
Month
kWh/Month
kWh/Day
Cumulative kWh
August
950
33
950
September
970
30
1920
October
770
27
2690
November
830
28
3520
December
1470
46
4990
January
1480
51
6470
February
2150
74
8620
March
1670
60
10290
April
1680
51
11970
May
970
31
12940
June
1150
36
14090
July
940
31
15030
1211
40
15030
Average/Total kWh
Average/Total BTU
Total kWh All Electric
4.13 Mill
136,520
53.7 Million
24000 - 36000
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END  We Have Choices
UNCONTROLLED
CONTROLLED AND
RECOVERED
Wood
Pellets
Liquid
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Conversion Factors

Wood Chip Volume
• 1 Green Ton (GT) = 1 M3 = 2,000 pounds
• 1 Cord = 2,500 pounds = 1.25 Green Tons

Transportation Factors
• 1 Chip Van = 25 GT = 1 Standard Log Truck = 10 Cords
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Electricity Factors
• 1 MW (MW = Million Watts)  Power for 750 to 1000 homes annually

Thermal Energy Factors
•
•
•
•
1 Therm = 100,000 BTU (or about 100 cu ft of natural gas)
1 Ton of Woody Fuel = 15.7 Million BTU or 157 Therms
1 Ton of Wood Pellets = 15.6 Million BTU or 156 Therms
15.6 Million BTU’s would service a 1.91 Million Sq. Ft. Building
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1MW = 3.4 million BTU  service 750 to 1000 homes
1kW = 3,400 BTU
25 kW = 140,000 BTU  service 18 to 25 homes
100 kW = 340,000 BTU  service 75 to 100 homes