Transcript Storm Water Management

Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Stormwater Management
Eric Winkler, Ph.D. and Susan Guswa, P.E.
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
University of Massachusetts
www.ceere.org
Presentation Outline
Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
 Water Quantity and Quality Issues
 Rules Today and Tomorrow
 Structural and Non-Structural Controls
 Metrics and Measures
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Annual Conference on
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September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Hydrologic Cycle
http://www.mde.state.md.us/environment/wma/stormwatermanual/
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Inland Natural Systems
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Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
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Water Quantity Effects
Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
 Increased flooding
potential
 Changes to streambed
morphology
http://www.forester.net, 2002
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Water Quantity Effects
Annual Conference on
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September 20, 2002
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 Decrease in base flows
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Water Quality Effects
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 Increased pollutant load
– Habitat degradation
– Public health and recreation impacts
Sean Chamberlain, 2002
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Water Quality Effects
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 Nutrient and Sediment Transport
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Stormwater Pollution Sources
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Annual Conference on
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September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Urban runoff
Construction
Agriculture
Forestry
Grazing
Septic systems
Recreational boating
Habitat degradation
Physical changes to stream channels
http://www.sierraclub.org/sprawl, 2002
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Flood Control /Conveyance
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September 20, 2002
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http://www.nae.usace.army.mil/recreati/lvl, 2002
http://www.lawrenceks.org, 2002
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Water Quality –
Stormwater Constituents
Annual Conference on
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September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
 Sediment
 Nutrients: nitrogen and
http://www.txnpsbook.org, 2002
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phosphorous
 Oil, grease, and organic
chemicals
 Bacteria and viruses
 Salt
 Metals
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Stormwater Constituents
Median Concentrations
Constituent
Units
Urban
Non-Urban
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
mg/l
67-101
70
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
mg/l
57-73
40
Total Phosphorous (P)
mg/l
201-383
121
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
mg/l
1179-1900
965
Nitrate + Nitrite
mg/l
558-736
543
Lead
mg/l
104-144
30
Copper
mg/l
27-33
--
Zinc
mg/l
135-226
195
Source: U.S. EPA, Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, 1983.
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Annual Conference on
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Stormwater Management Challenges
 Variability of Flows (Duration, Frequency, Intensity)
 Difference between peak control and treatment
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objectives
Different water quality constituents require different
treatment mechanisms
Site-to-site variability of quantity and quality
Maintenance of non-centralized treatment units
Monitoring and measurement
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Annual Conference on
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September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Treatment Events
 Criteria for Storm Events
Boston Logan Rainfall Record 1920 - 1999
Cumulative Rainfall Depth Percentage
Percent of Total Cumultive Depth
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
Rainfall Depth (in)
Figure 6. Cumulative Rainfall record for Boston Logan 1920 - 1999.
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Sizing Systems
 Intensity / Duration Frequency Relation
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Calculating Peak Runoff Rates
Annual Conference on
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September 20, 2002
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 Rainfall Runoff Analysis /Rational Method
Qp = CiA
C = constant runoff coefficient
i = rainfall intensity
A = drainage area
(tc = time of concentration < rainfall duration)
1
0.8
0.6
Q / Qp
0.4
0.2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
t / Tp
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Federal Regulations
Annual Conference on
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September 20, 2002
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 1987 Clean Water Act Amendments (U.S.
EPA)
– 1990 Phase I National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) Storm Water
Program
– 1999 Phase II NPDES Storm Water Program
 1990 Costal Zone Act Reauthorization
Amendments, Section 6217 (U.S. EPA /
NOAA)
– Costal Zone Management Program
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NPDES Permit Program
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September 20, 2002
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 Goal: reduce negative impacts to water quality and
aquatic habitat
 Requirement: develop storm water pollution
prevention plans (SWPPPs) or storm water
management programs with minimum control
measures
 Implementation: use best management practices
(BMPs)
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NPDES Applicability
Phase I
 "Medium" and "large"
municipal separate storm
sewer systems (MS4s)
located in incorporated
places or counties with
populations of 100,000 or
more
 Eleven categories of
industrial activity, one of
which is construction activity
that disturbs five or more
acres of land
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Annual Conference on
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September 20, 2002
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Phase II
 Certain regulated small
municipal separate storm
sewer systems (MS4s)
 Construction activity
disturbing between 1 and 5
acres of land (i.e., small
construction activities)
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Annual Conference on
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September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Phase II Minimum Control Measures
 Public education and outreach on storm water
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impacts
Public involvement/participation
Illicit discharge detection and elimination
Construction site storm water runoff control
Post-construction storm water management in new
development and redevelopment
Pollution prevention/good housekeeping for municipal
operations
Website for EPA NPDES Phase II Fact Sheets: http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/swfinal.cfm
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Massachusetts Regulations
Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
 Clean Waters Act
 Wetlands Protection Act
 Rivers Protection Act
 1997 Stormwater Management Standards
– Developed jointly by CZM and DEP
– Federal permits need to meet Stormwater
Management Standards
– Administered by DEP and Conservation
Commissions
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September 20, 2002
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Stormwater Management Standards
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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No new untreated storm water discharges allowed
Post-development peak flow discharge rates <
pre-development peak rates
Minimize loss of recharge to groundwater
Remove 80% of average annual total suspended
solids (TSS) load (post development)
Discharges from areas with higher potential
pollutant loads require use of specific BMPs
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002
Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Stormwater Management Standards
6.
7.
8.
9.
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Storm water discharges to critical area
require use of approved BMPs designed to
treat 1 inch runoff volume (post development)
Redevelopment sites must meet the
Standards
Construction sites must utilize sediment and
erosion controls
Storm water systems must have an operation
and management plan
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Non-Structural BMPs
Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
 Pollution prevention/source
http://www.tennatoco.com/stormwater, 2002
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control
 Street sweeping
 Storm water collection system
cleaning and maintenance
 Low impact development and
land use planning
 Snow and snowmelt
management
 Public Education
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Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Better Design
 Green roofs
 High Density
 Grassed/Porous Pavement
http://www.lrcusace.army.ml, 2002
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Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Structural BMPs
 Infiltration: infiltration
 Detention/Retention and
Vegetated Treatment: detention
basins, wet retention ponds,
constructed wetlands, water
quality swales
 Filtration: sand and organic filters
 Advanced
Sedimentation/Separation:
hydrodynamic separators, oil and
grit chamber
trenches, infiltration basins,
dry wells (rooftop infiltration)
 Pretreatment: water quality
inlets, hooded and deep
sump catch basins, sediment
traps (forebays), and
drainage channels
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
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Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Detention Basins
 TSS Removal Efficiency:
– 60-80% average
– 70% design
 Key Features:
– Large area
– Peak flow control
 Maintenance: low
 Cost: low to
moderate
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Wet (Retention) Ponds
Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
 Removal Efficiency:
http://www.txnpsbook.org, 2002
– 60-80% average
– 70% design
 Key Features:
– Large area
– Peak flow control
 Maintenance: low to
moderate
 Cost: low to high
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
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Constructed Wetlands
Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
 Removal Efficiency:
– 65-80% average
– 70% design
 Key Features:
– Large area
– Peak flow control
– Biological treatment
 Maintenance: low to moderate
 Cost: marginally higher than wet ponds
http://www.txnpsbook.org, 2002
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
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Water Quality Swales
Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
 Removal Efficiency:
– 60-80% average
– 70% design
 Key Features:
– Higher pollutant removal rates
than drainage channels
– Transport peak runoff and
provide some infiltration
 Maintenance: low to moderate
 Cost: low to moderate
http://www.txnpsbook.org, 2002
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
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Infiltration Trenches/Basins
Annual Conference on
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September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
 Removal Efficiency:
– 75-80% average
– 80% design
 Features:
– Preserves natural
water balance on site
– Susceptible to clogging
– Reduces downstream
impacts
 Maintenance: high
 Cost: moderate to high
StormTech, subsidiary to Infiltrator Systems, Inc, 2002
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
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Dry Wells
Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
 Removal Efficiency:
– 80% average
– 80% design
 On-site infiltration
 For untreated storm
water from roofs only
(copper excluded)
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
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Sand and Organic Filters
Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
 Removal Efficiency:
– 80% average
– 80% design
 Design Features:
– Large area
– Peak flow control
 Maintenance: high
 Cost: high
http://www.txnpsbook.org, 2002
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
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Inlets and Catch Basins
Annual Conference on
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September 20, 2002
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 Removal Efficiency:
– 15-35% average
– 25% design
 Design Features:
– Debris removal
– Pretreatment
 Maintenance: moderate to
high
 Cost: low to high
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
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Sediment Traps/Forebays
Annual Conference on
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September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
 Removal Efficiency:
– 25% average
– 25% design
 Design Features:
– Pretreatment
– Retrofit expansion
– Larger space
requirement than inlet.
 Maintenance: moderate
 Cost: low to moderate
Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997
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Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Innovative BMPs - Advanced Sedimentation
 Removal Efficiency:
– 50-80% average
– 80% design
 Design Features:
– small area
– Oil and Grease
control
 Maintenance: moderate
 Cost: moderate
Rinker Inc, 2002
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Innovative BMPs - Sand Filtration
Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
 Removal Efficiency:
– 50-80% average
– 80% design
 Design Features:
– small area
– Nutrient and
pathogen (potential)
 Maintenance: moderate
 Cost: moderate
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Stormtreat Inc, 2002
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Innovative BMPs - Hydrodynamic
Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
 Removal Efficiency:
– 50-80% average
– 80% design
 Design Features:
– small area
– Oil and Grease
control
 Maintenance: moderate
 Cost: moderate
Vortechs Inc, 2002
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Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Innovative BMPs – Media Filtration
 Removal Efficiency:
– 50-80% average
– 80% design
 Design Features:
– small area
– Oil and Grease
control
 Maintenance: moderate
 Cost: moderate
Stormwater Management Inc, 2002
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Innovative BMPs – Inlet Inserts
Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
 Removal Efficiency:
– To be determined
 Design Features:
– Retrofit
– Construction
– Oil and Grease
control
 Maintenance: moderate
 Cost: moderate
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http://www.stormdrainsfilters.com, 2002
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Water Quality Monitoring
Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
TARP- Technology Acceptance Reciprocity Program
 Address technology review and approval
barriers in policy and regulations;
 Accept the performance tests and data from
partner’s review to reduce subsequent review
and approval time;
 Use the Protocol for state-led initiatives,
grants, and verification or certification
programs; and
CA
IL
MA
MD
NJ
NY
PA
VA
TX
 Share technology information with potential
users in the public and private sectors using
existing state supported programs
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Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Performance Verification - TARP
 Storm Event Criteria to Sample
 More than 0.1 inch of total rainfall.
 A minimum inter-event period of 6 hours, where cessation of
flow from the system begins the inter-event period.
 Obtain flow-weighted composite samples covering a minimum of
70 % of the total storm flow, including as much of the first 20 %
of the storm as possible.
 A minimum of 10 water quality samples (i.e., 10 influent and 10
effluent samples) should be collected per storm event.
 Determining a Representative Data Set
 At least 50 % of the total annual rainfall must be sampled, for a
minimum of 15 inches of precipitation and at least 15, but
preferably 20, storms.
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Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Performance Verification - TARP
 Stormwater Sampling Locations
– Sampling locations for stormwater BMPs should be
taken at inlet and outlet.
 Sampling Methods
– Programmable automatic flow samplers with
continuous flow measurements should be used
– Grab samples used for: pH, temperature, cyanide, total phenols, residual
chlorine, oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), E coli, total
coliform, fecal coliform and streptococci, and enterococci.
 Stormwater Flow Measurement Methods
– Primary and secondary flow measurement devices are required.
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Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Performance Verification - TARP
 Sample Data Quality Assurance
and Control
 Equipment decontamination,
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Preservation,
Holding time,
Volume,
QC samples (spikes, blanks, splits,
and field and lab duplicates),
- QA on sampling equipment
 Packaging and shipping,
 Identification and labeling, and
 Chain-of-custody.
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Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Performance Verification - TARP
Calculating BMP Efficiencies (ASCE BMP Efficiencies Task 3.1)
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Process efficiencies or removal rates should be determined from
influent and effluent contaminant concentration and flow data.
–
–
–
–
–
Efficiency Ratio,
Summation of Loads,
Regression of Loads,
Mean Concentration, and
Efficiency of Individual Storm Loads.
Note: The Efficiency Ratio method is preferred.
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Contacts
Annual Conference on
Watershed Conservation 2002
September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
Eric Winkler, Ph.D.
Director, Technical Services
(413) 545-2853 (Voice)
[email protected]
Susan Guswa, P.E.
Environmental Analyst
(413) 545-2165 (Voice)
[email protected]
www.ceere.org/ees
Center for Energy Efficiency
and Renewable Energy
Energy and Environmental Services
160 Governors Drive
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, MA 01003-9265
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Questions and Answers
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Annual Conference on
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September 20, 2002
Amherst, MA
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