APAH REVIEW PART I

Paleolithic Sculpture

•

Woman of Willendorf

•28,000 BCE •Served as fertility image (?).

•No facial features •Ball-like, abstract shapes •Emphasis= reproduction parts of female body

Paleolithic Painting

•

Lascaux Hall of Bulls

• C.13,000 BCE • Naturalistic, well observed • Animals placed randomly • Natural

groundline

• Deep recesses of caves • Spiritual (?)

Neolithic

•

Landscape with Volcanic Eruption

•6150 BCE •World’s 1 st landscape, real place •1 st depiction of place devoid of both humans & animals •1 st painting on manmade wall

Neolithic Structure

•

Stonehenge

• • • c2,000 BCE • Salisbury Plain, England

Post and lintel Megaliths

• Cosmic calendar? • Harvest rituals? • Religious? • Summer solstice • heelstone

Old Kingdom Egypt

Khafre

•2520-2494 BCE •Diorite •Rigid,

Canon of Proportions

•Flawless, ideal body •Bilaterally Symmetrical •Houses the “Ka” •Iconography-Unified Egy •Falcon= Horus

New

Kingdom

Egypt

•

Akhenaton

•1353-1335 BCE •

AMARNA

period •Moved capital •Elongated face, full lips, and curves •Crook and flail •Departs from Canon of Proportions (grid)

Sumerian

•

Votive Figures

•Tell Asmar site •c2600 BCE •Limestone figures •Surrogate figures •Placed in temple shrine •Conical forms

Assyrian

•

Lamassu

•720 BCE •High relief, textures •Characteristics •5 legs=conceptual •Human head, beard •Bull body w/ wings

Persian

•

Ambassadors Processional frieze

•

Persepolis, Iran, c500 BCE

•At audience hall of Darius & Xerxes •Reliefs on staircases, representatives of 23 subject nations bringing gifts •Subtly modeled surfaces •Drapery echoes Archaic Greek sculpture

Minoan

•

Bull Leaping fresco

•1450-1400 BCE •Bull is elongated, movement •Women have fair skin, Man has dark skin •

Narrative

, probably religious ritual

•

Cycladic

•Figurine of a Woman •2500-2300 BCE •Characteristics •Abstract, flat •Triangles dominate •Emphasis on breasts •Incised lines •Fertility goddess (?)

•

Mycenaean

• Lion Gate •1300-1250 BCE •Characteristics •Capped with a huge lintel •Above lintel is

corbelled

arch •Relieving triangle

Archaic Greek Sculpture

•

Kouros

•600 BCE •Commemorative •Life-size, nude, young men are

kouroi

and life-size, clothed, young women are

korai

•Emulates the stance of Egyptian statues •Left foot advanced •Nude  Perfect body

Archaic Greek Architecture

•

Temple of Hera I

•550 BCE •Characteristics •Doric Temple •

Peripteral, Colonnade

•Columns=

entasis

Classical Greek Sculpture

•

Doryphoros, Spear Bearer

by Polykleitos •450 BCE •Greece’s

Golden Age

•

Contrapposto

•“The Canon”= set standards for ideal •Perfect, harmonious ratios

Classical Greek Architecture

•

Parthenon

•447-438 BCE •Numerous optical refinements – •ded. to Athena Parthenos •Perfect, harmonious proportions in Doric temple design •Golden ratio throughout plan •Doric columns ext, interior Ionic frieze

Hellenistic Greek Sculpture

•

Seated Boxer

•100-50 BCE •Heavily Battered, defeated veteran •Nose broken, teeth missing •Appealed to the emotions •Realism

Etruscan

•

Etruscan Couple Sarcophagus

•c500 BCE •Terracotta •Happy memorial •Portrait coffin •m/f interaction •Smooth, stylized bodies

Roman Sculpture

•Augustus of Primaporta •1 st century CE •Emperor as general •Based on Spear Bearer •Portrait head •Chestplate=victory over Parthians •Cupid= proclaims his divine descent

Roman Architecture

•Pantheon •120 CE •Temple of all the gods •Uninterrupted interior space •Concrete dome •

Oculus

Early Christian Mosaic

•

Good Shepherd

•c 425 CE •Christ with flock •

Lunette

over door •Some classical elements •Illusionistic shading •Stylized landscape •Stars of Heaven •Halo, gold, purple

Byzantine Architecture

• •

Hagia Sophia

•535 CE •Characteristics •Mystical Quality of light floods interior •Central plan w/ Longitudinal axis •

Pendentives

for the dome

Byzantine Mosaic

•

Justinian and Attendants

• 550 CE, San Vitale, Ravenna • Church + State • Propaganda • Emperor at

altar

Christlike • • Tesserae gold shimmering

Chi Rho

on shield • Soldiers left • Priests right

•

Byzantine Painting

•Virgin (

Theotokos)

and Child •C. 1200 CE •Virgin of Compassion •Mary style=long nose long fingers, small mouth •Use of gold back •Gold rays in Christ child’s robes •Placed before altars

Hiberno-Saxon

•

Chi-Rho-Iota page

•Book of Kells, c. 900 •Manuscript illumination •Initial letters of Jesus in Greek= XPI •Gospel of Matthew •Holy words into intricate abstract designs •Recalls Celtic metalwork •Angel, human, animal figs

Carolingian

•

Saint Matthew, Folio 15

•800 CE •Charlemagne’s Gospel Book •Illusionistic brushwork •Color and modulation of light and shade to create shapes •Roman, classical style and motifs, e.g. toga

Ottonian

•

Gero Crucifix

•c. 970 •Monumental suffering •Statue and reliquary •Much more dramatic than earlier depictions of

crucifixion

•Distended body, blood streaks

Romanesque Architecture

•

St.- Sernin, Toulouse

•c 1100 CE •Pilgrimage Church •

Cruciform

plan •Simple ratio geom •

Ambulatory

•

Transept

Romanesque Sculpture

•

Last Judgment

•

Tympanum

by Gislebertus •c1130 •Autun Cathedral •Christ as judge •Christ in

mandorla

•Souls weighed, Christ’s lft •Saved souls=Christ’s rght

Gothic Architecture

•

Chartres Cathedral

•c 1150 CE •Stained glass oculi •

Lux nova

•Flying buttresses •Ribbed groin vaulting •Spires, verticality •Heaven on Earth

Gothic Sculpture

•

Saints Martin, Jerome, and Gregory Jamb statues

•Chartres Cathedral, c1230 •Attached to columns but break rigid vertical lines •Drapery falls softly •Distinctive personality revealed in faces

Gothic Painting

•

God As Architect

•C.1230

•God creates heaven, earth, sun, moon, & all elements •Architect of the world with compass •Ink, tempera, gold leaf

Ancient Japan

•

Haniwa figure

•c 500 •Cylindrical •Low-fired clay •Placed on graves for protection

Ancient Japanese Painting

•

Tale of the Genji,

c.1125

• Handscroll - Story of love+intrigue • Upturned ground, strong diag • Elevated viewpoint omits roofs & ceilings • Flat fields of color

Ancient China

•

Travelers Among

•

Mountains and Streams

•By Fan Kuan •c. 1000 CE •Hanging scroll, ink on silk •Precise detail •Smallness of man in nature •Perspective reads vertically

Islam

•

Dome of the Rock,

687-692 •1 st great achievement of Islamic architecture •Use of

calligraphy

on tiles •Site is sacred to Muslims, Jews, and Christians •Domed octagon, interior= rich mosaic ornament

Ancient North America

•Incised Shell Gorget •1250-1300 CE •Characteristics •Running Warrior •Composite profile •Elaborate headdress •Gifts to the dead

Ancient Mesoamerica

•

Colossal Olmec Head

•900-400 BCE •Mexico •Basalt, 10’ h.

•Ruler portraits •Probably not deities •Intensity of expression

Ancient Africa

•

Nok Head

•500 BCE •Nigeria •Terracotta •Flaring nostrils & alert yes are unique to Nok art •Expressive face •African context= ritual

Ancient India

•

Shiva as Nataraja

•1000 CE •Nataraja=

Lord of the Dance

•Portable image •Dwarf under feet= ignorance •Nimbus-circle-of fire •Drum=universal heartbeat •Lively w/ central axis

Early Renaissance Sculpture

•Saint Mark by Donatello •1411-1413 •Contrappasto •1 st with voluminous drapery •Stirring limbs •Holds

Gospel

book

Early Renaissance Painting

•

Tribute Money

by Massacio •1427 fresco •Characteristics Continuous Narrative Light coming from a specific source 3-D

modeling, shading

Linear, Aerial Perspective Vanishing Point Contrapposto Roman figure

EARLY RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

•

Foundling Hospital

• Filippo Brunelleschi • c.1425, Florence, Italy • Homage to Antiquity • Roman motifs • Math= basis for design • • Perfect geometry

Loggia

• Medallions by

della Robbia

High Renaissance Sculpture •

David by Michelangelo

•1501-1504 •Formal references to classical antiquity •Compositionally and emotionally connected to an unseen presence •Head turned to show pent up energy •

contrapposto

High Renaissance Painting

•

School of Athens

by Raphael, 1510 •Fresco, Vatican, Rome •Imaginary gathering of philosophers, scientists •Summarizes ideals of HR •References to Antiquity •Aristotle & Plato at

vanishing point

, linear perspective

High Renaissance Architecture

• •

Capitoline Hill

Michelangelo by •1537 •Organized units symmetrically around a central/ unique axis •Architecture as human body for Michelangelo •Trapezoid plane •Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius