Transcript Future Automotive Design Trends & Power Systems

DIFFERENT ROADS:
Personal Mobility in the 21st Century
by
Robert Q. Riley
Ford hybrid-electric concept car
GROWING DEMAND DRIVES
WEALTH TO OIL-RICH REGIONS
Billion
Barrels
WORLD CAR POPULATION
Million
Developing World 300% Increase 1995 to 2020
Total Oil Recovered Since 1859
& Total Remaining as of 1990
200
-100
-200
500
-300
400
-400
CARS IN REST OF WORLD
300
-500
200
CARS IN U.S.
100
0
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
-600
2020
-700
Mexico, Central & South America
600
Other Eastern Hemisphere
700
Total
Remaining
Eastern Europe, Former
U.S.S.R., China
0
Middle East
800
Western Europe
Total
Recovered
Canada
100
United States
900
GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS
& GLOBAL WARMING
Source of U.S. CO2 Emissions
1997
Global Carbon Emissions
1820 to 2020
History
Projected
12000
Miscellaneous
10.9%
Fuel Combustion
5.5%
Industrial
Processes
10.9%
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
Transportation
76.6%
0
1820 1860 1900 1940 1980 2020
OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE
MOBILITY
Product Design Affects
Attitudes & Lifestyles
TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS
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Battery Electric Cars
Hybrid Power Systems
Fuel Cell Vehicles
DESIGN SOLUTIONS
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New Vehicle Types
SYSTEMS SOLUTIONS
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Station Cars
Personal Rapid Transit (PRT)
XR-3 Tilting Three Wheel Vehicle Concept
Robert Q. Riley Enterprises
BATTERY-ELECTRIC VEHICLES
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NiHM Battery (Ovonic & SAFT)
Lithium-Ion Battery (SAFT)
Lithium-Polymer Battery
(3M & Hydro-Quebec)
NiMH = 150 mile range on a 1,000
pound battery pack
Lithium-Polymer = 300 mile range
on a 450 pound battery pack
Ovonic NiMH Battery Pack
LITHIUM BATTERY COUPLE
FEATURES OF LPB
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300-Mile Range on
450-lb Battery Pack
Solid State Design
No Liquid Electrolyte
Packaged in a Variety
of Shapes
Developed by 3M & Hydro Quebec
HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLES
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Combustion Hybrids
Charge-Depleting
Charge-Sustaining
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Fuel Cell Vehicles
Pure Hydrogen
Reformed Hydrogen
Direct Methanol
Early Quincy-Lynn charge-depleting hybrid (circa 1980)
Ford Hybrid Concept Car
PRODUCTION HYBRIDS
Honda Insight with Integrated Motor Assist
61 mpg City
 71 mpg Highway
 1.0-Liter Gasoline Engine
10kw Electric Motor
 Regenerative Braking
 NiMH Batteries (144v)

Honda Insight, courtesy American Honda
FUEL CELL VEHICLES
Reacts Oxygen From Air With On-Board
Hydrogen
Runs on Hydrogen
 By-Product is Water
 Up to Twice as Efficient as ICE
 Hydrogen Can Come From a
Variety of Carrier Fuels

Ford Focus FC5 Fuel Cell Concept Car
DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL
EFFICIENCY IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION
HYDROGEN PEM FUEL CELL STACK
40
EXPECTED
35
DIRECT
METHANOL
FUEL CELL
30
25
20
DIESEL
CYCLE
15
10
OTTO
CYCLE
5
0
1
DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS ARE LESS COMPLEX
AND MAY BE MORE EFFICIENT THAN PURE HYDROGEN
PEM CELLS
LIFESTYLE VEHICLES
“Design” Alone Can Affect Energy Intensity
High Energy Intensity
Lower Energy Intensity
Lowest Energy
Intensity
Chrysler’s Jeepster Concept Vehicle
VW Beetle
Smart Car
PERSONAL URBAN COMMUTER
Three-Wheel Platform Provides Product
Differentiation
SPECIFICATIONS FOR
ICE-POWERED CAR
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100 mpg City
70 mph
800 lb Curb Weight
Side-by-Side Seating
TRIMUTER
Quincy-Lynn Enterprises, 1979
SIGNIFICANTLY SMALLER CARS
•Lower Energy Intensity
•Fewer Harmful Emissions
•Improved Traffic Flow
•Increases Parking Capacity
•Less Hazardous to Pedestrians
OUTSIDE-THE-BOX IDEAS IN
VEHICLE DESIGN
TILTING THREE-WHEELERS
Vandenbrink Carver
Zark 1500 design study by Paul Morrow
Mercedes F300 Life Jet
PROJECT 32 SLALOM
Tilting Three-Wheeler
Features
1000-lb curb weight
 Leans into curves for
greater cornering power
 Little or no side force
on occupants
 Seats two side-byside
 Electric or ICE Power

Courtesy Transit Innovations - www. p32fun.com
HUMAN POWERED VEHICLES
Human Powered Vehicles
Are Lifestyle Vehicles
Energy-Efficient Personal
Transportation Can Be
Lifestyle Driven as Well
as Technology Driven
Ground Hugger XR2 Recumbent Bicycle - www. rqriley.com
Courtesy Bicycle Transportation Systems, Inc.
www.biketrans.com
STATION CARS
A Subsystem of Mass Transit Systems
Honda ICVS City Pal
Station Car
FEATURES
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Cars charged and maintained by fleet
operator.
Users billed monthly.
Available at colleges, apartment & office
complexes, shopping centers & transit
stations.
Individual vehicles are better utilized.
Transit systems becomes more usable.
Bay Area Rapid Transit District
Prototype Station Car
Toyota E-Com
National Station Car Association - www.stncar.com
PERSONAL MOBILITY AS A
COMMODITY
PERSONAL RAPID TRANSIT (PRT)
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Keeps Private cars Out of Cities
Downtown Land Better Utilized
Pedestrians Not Mixed With Motorized Traffic
No Local Emissions
Traffic Noise Eliminated
Superior Energy Efficiency
SkyTran PRT System - www.skytran.net
PERSONAL MOBILITY IN THE
21ST CENTURY
GM’s Ultralite
1400-lb Curb Weight
 81 mpg Highway
 0-60 mph in 7.8 sec
 Seats Four
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Advanced Power Systems
New Materials for Lower Mass
New Ideas in Vehicle Design,
Packaging, and Personality
Subsystems for Transit Systems
Personal Mobility Ultimately
Becomes a Commodity
GM’s Ultralite Carbon Fiber Car