elvdalsk.inss.ku.dk

Transcript elvdalsk.inss.ku.dk

Elfdalian
a hidden treasure trove for the linguist
Guus Kroonen
Postdoc
Roots of Europe - Language, Culture, and Migrations
Institute for Nordic Studies and Linguistics
[email protected]
Älvdalen
Dias 2
But why is
Elfdalian so
interesting?
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Proto-Germanic
Gothic
Old West Norse
Proto-Norse
West Germanic
Old East Norse
Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Elfdalian Swedish
Old English
Old High German
Old Saxon
Danish
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Proto-Germanic
Gothic
Old West Norse
Proto-Norse
West Germanic
Old East Norse
Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Elfdalian Swedish
Old English
Old High German
Old Saxon
Danish
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Proto-Germanic
Gothic
Old West Norse
Proto-Norse
West Germanic
Old East Norse
Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Elfdalian Swedish
Old English
Old High German
Old Saxon
Danish
Vowel balance / weaking after heavy syllables
ON -a
ON -u
ON -i
’know’
’throw’
’street’
’tongue’
’hare’
OWN
vita
kasta
gatu
tungu
heri, hari rakki
OSw.
wita
kastæ
gatu
tungo
hari
rakke
Elfdalian
witå
kasta
gatu
(tunggu)
eri
rakke
Mainland non-West Scandinavian innovation visible from the 12th13th century.
Dias 17
’dog’
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Map from Jurij
Kusmenko, 2007, The
origin of Vowel
Balance in Swedish
and chapter:
Norwegian dialects.
Berliner Beiträge zur
Skandinavistik 11,
235–258.
́ > West Norse ‐jā-́
Old Norse ḗa-, -īaSwedish
Elfdalian
Norwegian
West Norse
Proto-Gm.
lie
ljå
ljå
léa > ljá
*lewan-
dial. rie
-
rjå
-
*rīhan-
se
sjå ̨
sjå
séa > sjá
*sehwan-
(tre)
trjär (f.)
(tre)
þrjár (f.)
*þrīōz
NB: Elfdalian trjär is from *trjáʀ with ʀ-mutation.
NB2: Faroese, though a West Norse language, did not have participate
in this change, cf. síggja ’to see’ < *síja < sía < séa and líggji ’scythe’ <
*líji < *líi < léi.
Dias 19
ʀ-mutation (fronting before Proto-Norse *ʀ < *z)
Swedish
Elfdalian
Norwegian
West Norse
Proto-Gm.
bar ’naked’
ber
ber
berr
*baza-
djur ’animal’
diuor
dyr
dýr
*deuza-
hare ’hare’
eri
hare
heri
*hazan-
kar ’tub’
kar
kjer
ker
*kaza-
ko ’cow’
cyr
ku (Tel. kjyr)
kýr
*kū-z/*kō-z
lår ’thigh’
lår
lår
lær
*lahaza-
öra ’ear’
ära
øyre
eyra
*auzōn-
Dias 20
Nasal assimilation: -mp-, -nt-, -nk- > -pp-, -tt-, -kkSwedish
Elfdalian
Norwegian
West Norse
Proto-Gm.
änka ’widow’ ainca
ekkje
ekkja
*ainakjōn-
bänk ’bench’
baink
bekk
bekkur
*banki-
sjunka ’sink’
sikka
søkke
sökka
*sinkwan-
svamp
’mushroom’
sopp
sopp
sveppur
*swampa-
vante
’mitten’
uott
vott
vöttur
*wantu-
vinter
’winter’
witter
vetter
vetr
*wintru-
dricka ’drink’
drikka
drikke
drekka
*drinkan-
tycka ’think’
tycce
tykkje
þykja
*þunkjan-
The development spread in the 8th century (cf. Moberg 1944).
Dias 21
An Old Dalecarlian sound change (Levander 1925)
Swedish
Elfdalian
OW Norse
Proto-Gm.
ankel ’ankle’
okkel
ǫkkull
*ankula-
backe ’slope’
bokke
bakki
*bankan-
black ’pale’
blokk
blakkr
*blanka-
tack ’thanks’
tokk
þǫkk
*þankō-
Swedish
Elfdalian
OW Norse
Proto-Gm.
nacke ’neck’
nakke
hnakki
*hnakkan-
by-racka ’dog’
rakke
rakki
*rakkan-
hatt ’hat’
att
hattr, hǫttr
*hatta-, *hattu-
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Proto-Germanic
Gothic
Proto-Norse
West Germanic
Old West Norse Old Dalecarlian Old East Norse
Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Elfdalian Swedish
Old English
Old High German
Old Saxon
Danish
Lack of both w-breaking and w-mutation
Swedish
Elfdalian
Norwegian
West Norse
Proto-Gm.
bjugg
’barley’
begg
bygg
bygg
*bewwu-
ljung
’heather’
lingg
lyng
lyng
*lingwa-
sjunga ’sing’
singga
syngje
syngva
*singwan-
sjunka ’sink’
sikka
søkke
søkkva
*sinkwan-
Dias 24
Non-lowering of *i before Proto-Norse *-htSwedish
Elfdalian
Norwegian
West Norse
Proto-Gm.
rätt ’right’
rett
rett
réttur
*rehta-
lätt ’easy’
lit(t)
lett
léttur
*linhta-
tät ’dense’
tit(t)
tett
þéttur
*þinhta-
NB: the development of *-ht- > *-tt- is Proto-Norse.
Dias 25
Non-raising of *e before Proto-Norse *-ģģẃSwedish
Elfdalian
Norwegian
West Norse
Proto-Gm.
-
negga ’block’
bjugg
begg ’barley’
tygga
tegga ’chew’
tyggva/tyggja *kewwan-
-
tregg ’withe’
*trewwa-
*hnewwanbygg
bygg
*bewwu-
It was shown by Rasmussen (1989) that PGm. *-ww- developed into a
palatal labio-velar in Proto-Norse. This cluster often caused front
mutation of *e in both East and West Norse, but never in Dalecarlian
(and not in Gutnish either).
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Proto-Germanic
Gothic
Proto-Norse
West Germanic
Old West Norse Old Dalecarlian Old East Norse
Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Elfdalian Swedish
Old English
Old High German
Old Saxon
Danish
Short stressed nasal vowels
Plain vowels
orthography
Nasal vowels
IPA
orthography
IPA
kripp ’kid’
[krɪp:]
imil ’sky’
[ɪ͂mɪl]
eri ’hare’
[ɛrɪ]
enne ’forehead’
[ɛ͂n:ɛ]
laks ’salmon’
[lɐks]
kamb ’comb’
[kɐ͂mb]
kulla ’girl’
[kʉl:ɐ]
kumå ’come’
[kʉ͂ mɔ]
byzza ’dwell’
[bʏʣ:ɐ]
lyngn ’mild’
[lʏ͂ŋ:ɛ͂n]
röv ’fox’
[rœv]
sömt ’sown’
[sœ͂ mt]
båkå ’fry’
[bɔkɔ]
gåmål ’old’
[gɔ͂mɔl]
NB: nasalization of short vowels is automatic before nasals
Dias 28
Short unstressed nasal vowels
Plain vowels
orthography
Nasal vowels
IPA
orthography
IPA
neti ’net’ (dat.)
[nɛ͂tɪ]
netį (dat.def.)
[nɛ͂tĩ]
enne ’forehead’
[ɛ͂n:ɛ]
ennę (pl.def.)
[ɛ͂n:ɛ͂]
kulla ’girl’
[kʉl:ɐ]
kullą (def.)
[kʉl:ɐ͂]
kullu ’girl’ (acc.)
[kʉl:ʉ]
kullų (acc.def. )
[kʉl:ʉ͂ ]
zävå ’give’
[ʣæʋɔ]
attå ̨ ’back, again’
[ɐt:ɔ͂]
NB: nasalization is unpredictable and creates minimal pairs.
Dias 29
Long nasal vowels
Plain vowels
orthography
Nasal vowels
IPA
orthography
IPA
dal ’valley’
[dɐ:ɽ]
mą ’cow’
[mɐ͂:]
wið ’wood’
[wɪ:ð]
wįster ’left’
[wĩ:ster]
blåsa ’blow’
[blɔ:sɐ]
lå ̨s ’lock’
[lɔ͂:s]
ais ’ice’
[ɐi:s]
daį ’yours’
[dɐ͂ĩ:]
rieða ’arrange’
[rieðɐ]
rįesa ’travel’
[rĩe͂sɐ]
liuos ’light’
[ljuo:s]
sniųo ’snow’
[snjũõ:]
NB: nasalization is automatic before nasals, but lexical in other
positions.
Dias 30
Elfdalian as compared to 12th century Icelandic
First Grammatical Treatise, an anonymous phonological description of
Icelandic, which distinguished oral and nasal vowels. Generally
thought to be a fantasy, untill Noreen connected Elfdalian nasal
vowels.
transl.
Elfdalian
hoarse
ram [rąm]
hope
uon [ųon]
mommy
muna
[mųna]
Dias 31
IPA
[rā̃mr]
Old Norse
PGm.
rámr
*rēma-
[ʋɒ̃ n]
[mō̃na]
ván, vǫ́n
*wēnō-
móna
*mōnōn-
Selbu
Dias 32
Middle Scandinavian nasalization
Swedish
Elfdalian
Selbuvian
Middle Sc.
Old Norse
solen
suolę
solã
*sōlĩ
sólĩn
kyrkan
cørcą
hon
ą̊
kjørkjã
hō̃
*kyrkjã
*hō̃, hā̃
kyrkjãn
́
hǫ̃́n / hãn
nu
nų
nō̃
*nū̃
nṹna
taket
tacį
takĩ
*þakĩ
þakĩnu
Dias 33
Old Norse nasalization by loss of final n
Swedish
Elfdalian
Old Norse
þã́
PGm.
etmology
då ̨
Selbuvian
dā̃
då
*þan
G dann
(på)
ą̊
(på)
ã́
*ana
G an
o-
ųo-
o-
ṍ- / ṹ-
*un-
Go. un-
PGm.
etmology
*in
Go. in
But the preposition i ’in’ has losts its nasalization:
Swedish
Elfdalian
Selbuvian
i
i
i
Dias 34
Old Norse
i ̃́
Nasalization from Proto-Norse final syllables
Swedish
Elfdalian
se ’to see’
sjå ̨
tre ’3’
triųo (acc.)
två ’2’
tųo (acc.)
Old Norse
sjã́ < séã
Proto-Norse
*sehwā̃
PGm.
þrjã́ < þríã
tvã́ (tǫ̃́)
*þrīā̃(s)
*twā̃(s)
*þrins
*saihwan*twans
Nasalization of final syllables was usually lost, but preserved where it
́ > West
entered the first syllable due to the Old Norse change ḗa-, -īaNorse ‐jā-́ .
Dias 35
Proto-Norse loss of n before l and r
Swedish
Elfdalian
Old Norse
Proto-Norse
PGm.
tjur ’reaction
wood’
tiu̢or
*þjṍrr
*þiunra-
*þinwara-
torsdag
’Thursday’
tųos-dag
þṍrr
*þunra-
*þunara-
vår ’our’
ųor
vãŕ r (ǫ̃́rr)
*mãĺ l
*unʀra-
*unzara-
*manla-
*manala-
(man) ’mane’ må̢l
NB: tiu̢or < *þiunra- seems to have developed from *þinwra- by
metathesis. W-breaking of -i- to -ju- cannot explain the form (pace
Bugge apud Noreen 1881: 193, fn. 7), because Elfdalian did not have
breaking.
Dias 36
Proto-Norse loss of n before s
Swedish
Elfdalian
ås ’hill’
å ̨s
bås ’box’
bå ̨s
gås ’goose’
gås̨
(låsa ’lock’)
lęsa
ister ’lard’
įster
-
fųos
två ’2’
tųo (acc.)
Dias 37
West Norse
ãś s
PGm.
etymology
*amsa-
Go. ams
bãś s
gãś s (gǫ̃́ss)
*bansa-
MLG bans
*gans-
G Gans
læ̃ sa
̃́
istr
*lamsjan-
OHG lemsen
*instra-
MHG inster
fṹss ’eager’
tvã́ (tǫ̃́)
*funsa-
OLG funs
*twans
Go. twans
Proto-Germanic loss of n before *h
Elfdalian
Old Norse
PGm.
etymology
få ̨ ’to get’
fá
*fanhan-
Go. fāhan ’to get’
gåt̨ t ‘doorpost’
gátt
*ganhti-
Go. gāhts ‘step’
tą̊t ‘thread’
þáttr
*þanhtu-
G Docht ’wick’
Elfdalian may in some cases be decisive in the reconstruction of the
Proto-Germanic form:
Elfdalian
Old Norse
PGm.
etymology
kåt̨ ‘lively’
kátr
*kanhata-
not *kawata-
gå ̨ ‘to check’
gá
*ga-anhēn-
not *gawēn-
gęta ‘to guard’
gæta
*ga-anhatjan-
not *gawatjan
Dias 38
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Proto-Germanic
Gothic
Proto-Norse
West Germanic
Old West Norse Old Dalecarlian Old East Norse
Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Elfdalian Swedish
Old English
Old High German
Old Saxon
Danish
Other fun stuff you to do in Älvdalen
(while looking for nasal vowels):
In 1908, Lars Levander, author of Ordbok över folkmålen i övre
Dalarna, was doing field work in Kopparberg. Apparently,
he and his informant fell in love (*å̢st) with each other and
engaged in a romantic relationship.
Allegedly, Levander had asked his informant to tie him up to a
pole in the stable (fjå̢s), and...
The couple apparently had an intense break up later, and
Levanders informant reported him to the police, accusing
him of unnatural fornication. ”Levander stated that he had
been in Älvdalen, but explained that it was in order to study
the local dialect, one of the most ancient and peculiar of
Swedish dialects.” (Rydström 2003: 88).
Both Levander and his informant were declared insane.
Dias 40
Selected bibliography
Dahl, Ö. 2005. Att sätta älvdalskan på kartan. Rapport från Fuost konferensn um övdalsku˛.
Gunnar Nyström (ed.). http://www.- nordiska.uu.se/arkiv/konferenser/.
Haugen, E. 1950. First grammatical treatise, the earliest germanic phonology : an edition,
translation and commentary. Baltimore.
Levander, L. 1925. Dalmålet. Beskrivning och historia 1–2. Uppsala.
Levander, L. & S. Björklund. 1961-2002. Ordbok över folkmålen i Övre Dalarna. Stockholm.
Moberg, L. 1944. Om de nordiska nasalassimilationerna mp > pp, nt > tt, nk > kk med särskild
hänsyn til svenskan. Uppsala.
Modéer, I. 1946. Studier över slutartikeln i starka femininer. Uppsala.
Noreen, A. 1882. Dalmålet. II Ordlista öfver Dalmålet i ofvansiljas fögderi. Stockholm.
Noreen, A. 1886. De nordiska språkens nasalerade vokaler. Arkiv för nordisk filologi 3, 1-41.
Rydström, J. 2003. Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950.
Chicago.
Røset, I. 2011. Selbu-målet. Oslo.
Sapir, Y. 2005. Elfdalian, the Vernacular of Övdaln. In Gunnar Nyström (ed.). Fuost konferensn um
övdalskų / Första konferensen om älvdalska.
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-155345.
Steensland, L. 2010. Älvdalsk ordbok. Falun.
Steensland, L. 2011. Parasitisk (oetymologisk) nasalering i älvdalskan. In Gunnar Nystrom & Yair
Sapir (eds.): Rapport fran Oder radstemną um ovdalskų / Andra konferensen om alvdalska.
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-151492.
East Norse monophongization only of *ai
Swedish
Elfdalian
Norwegian
Old Norse
PGm.
sten ’stone’
stien
stein
steinn
*staina-
röd ’re’
roð
raud
rauðr
*rauda-
ö ’island’
ä
øy
ey
*aujō-
NB: ä frå *ø̄ <*ey =/= o < *au as in Danish and Swedish.
Dias 42
Parasitic nasalization (Steensland 2011)
Swedish
Elfdalian
Old Norse
PGm.
etymology
resa ’travel’
rįesa
-
-
= LG rēsen
(löpmage)
kęse
kæsir
-
Lat. cāseus
hosta ’cough’ ųosta
hósta
*h(w)ōstōn-
OE hwōsta
foster ’fetus’
fóstr
*fōstra-
fjós
*fehu-hūsa-
fųoster
fähus ’stable’ fjå ̨s
Dias 43
jf. bå ̨s?