Transcript How is NREGA doing? - Right to Food Campaign

How is NREGA doing?
(200 districts, 2006-7)
Jean Drèze and Christian Oldiges
NREGA: Fundamental Principles
Employment on demand.
Legal right.
Universal entitlement.
Participatory approach.
Accountability to PRIs.
Full transparency.
NREGA: Basic Entitlements
Employment within 15 days of application.
Unemployment allowance.
Work within 5 kilometres.
Minimum wages.
Payment within 15 days.
No gender discrimination.
Basic worksite facilities.
NREGA: Employment Generation, 2006-7
Total:
90 crore person-days
Per job card:
24 person-days
Per rural household:
17 person-days
Minimum “requirement”:a
200 crore person-days
a NAC estimate, 2004.
NREGA Expenditure, 2006-7
Total:
Rs. 8,813 crores
Per district:
Rs. 44.06 crores
Estimated requirement for 200 districts:
Rs. 20,000 crores
Budget allocation for 2007-8 (330 districts): Rs. 13,000 crores
Number of NREGA works, 2006-7
Taken up:
8.3 lakh
Completed:
3.8 lakh
In progress:
4.5 lakh
Approximate number of
villages in NREGA districts:
2 lakh
NREGA Employment, 2006-7:
Person-days per rural household
a
Rajasthan
77
Uttar Pradesh
11
Assam
70
Andhra Pradesh
10
Madhya Pradesh
56
Haryana
9
North-Easta
45
Tamil Nadu
9
Chhattisgarh
34
Bihar
8
Orissa
21
Gujarat
7
Himachal Pradesh 20
Punjab
7
Uttarakhand
20
West Bengal
6
Karnataka
17
Maharashtra
4
Jharkhand
14
Kerala
3
Jammu & Kashmir 13
INDIA
17
Except Assam (approximate figure, based on incomplete data).
Person-days per rural household
Share of Disadvantaged Groups in
NREGA Employment
Women:
40%
Scheduled Tribes (ST):
36%
Scheduled Castes (SC):
26%
SC/ST Combined:
62%
Share of Women in NREGA
Employment
National average:
40%
Highest shares:
Tamil Nadu
Rajasthan
Kerala
Andhra Pradesh
81%
67%
66%
55%
Lowest shares:
Bihar
Uttar Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
17%
17%
12%
4%
Share of Women in NREGA Employment
Average Expenditure and Labour Costs
Average Expenditure per Person-Day
Rs. 98
Share of Wages in Total Expenditurea
66%
Average Wage Cost per Person-Daya
Rs. 64
aUnskilled
labour only.
Average Wage Cost per Person-Day
a
Kerala
121
Jammu & Kashmir 69
Maharashtra
104
Assam
67
Haryana
97
Karnataka
67
Punjab
94
North-Easta
63
Andhra Pradesh
86
Chhattisgarh
63
Jharkhand
80
Madhya Pradesh
59
Tamil Nadu
80
Uttar Pradesh
56
Uttarakhand
72
Gujarat
56
Bihar
70
Orissa
53
West Bengal
70
Rajasthan
51
Himachal Pradesh
69
INDIA
64
Except Assam (approximate figure, based on incomplete data).
NREGA: Employment and Wages, 2006-7
Wage rate (Rs/day)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Person-days of work per rural household
80
90
CDE-IHD Survey, 2007
A field survey of NREGA was recently conducted by the
Centre for Development Economics (CDE) and the Institute of
Human Development (IHD), with students from Delhi
University and Jawaharlal Nehru University.
Date:
Survey Districts:
Number of Gram Panchayats:
Number of worksites:
May-June 2007
Ranchi (Jharkhand)
Surguja (Chhattisgarh)
23
47
Surguja: Positive Findings
Most families have a
job card.
Awareness levels
have improved.
Employment on a
massive scale.
Minimum wages are
being paid.
Contractors have
disappeared.
Most of the works
are productive.
Corruption levels
have gone down.
Where there is work,
NREGA is a lifeline
for the rural poor.
Massive progress
compared with
earlier years!
Surguja: Areas of Concern
Work is not “demand-driven”.
Long delays in wage payments.
Shortage of staff at all levels.
Poor worksite facilities (e.g. creches).
Violations of the transparency safeguards.
Corruption persists.
Survey Findings: Application Process
Were most labourers at this worksite employed in
response to an application for work?
Ranchi
Surguja
Yes
4%
11%
No
96%
89%
Survey Findings: Wage Payments
Proportion (%) of worksites where:
Ranchi
Surguja
Most labourers earned
the minimum wage
n/a
84
Wages were paid in front
of the labourersa
54
79
Wages were paid within 15 days
32
16
Labourers had complaints
about wage payments
71
90
a Excluding
payments through Banks
Survey Findings: Worksite Facilities
Proportion (%) of worksites with the following facilities:
Ranchi
Surguja
Drinking water
64
100
Shade for periods of resta
68
(16)
“Medicine kit”
68
59
Crèche
4
11
a
Not including natural shade.
Survey Findings:Vigilance Committees
Proportion (%) of worksites with:
Ranchi
Surguja
Vigilance committee
89
84
Active vigilance committee
11
21
Survey Findings:Estimated “Leakages”
Earlier surveys:
Dungarpur, April 2006:
Garhwa, October 2006:
(negligible)
85%
CDE-IHD survey:
Ranchi
Surgujaa
a Gram
Panchayat works.
33%
5%
The Future of NREGA: Critical Issues
Activating the work application process.
Implementation of transparency safeguards
Timely wage payments.
Need for a wage policy.
Women’s participation.
Redressal systems!
NREGA and Party Politics
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