Transcript Review #6 - #9

Air
Pollutants
Policy
Greenhouse Gases
Control & Prediction
Air Pollutants
Primary
CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
NO nitrous oxide
NO2 nitrate
SO2 sulfur dioxide
PM particulate matter
HC hydro-carbons
Secondary
• produced by reactions
in the atmosphere
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SO3
HNOs
H2SO4
H2O2
PAN’s
NO3, SO4 Salts
Major Air Pollutants
Air Pollutant
50% Carbon Monoxide
16% Sulfur Oxides
15% Volatile Organic
Compounds
14% Nitrogen Oxides
5% Suspended
Particulate Matter
Source of Pollutants
49% Transportation
28% Electrical Utilities
13% Industrial
3% Solid Waste
7% Misc.
Air Pollutants
• CO2
– Fossil fuel burning
• HC
– Cars, Factory’s
• SO2
– Power plants, Coal
• NOx: Cars, Fertilizers
• O3: Depletion by CFC’s
• O3: Cars
• Global Warming
– Stop deforestation
• Smog
– Use mass transit
• Acid Rain (wet/dry)
– Use natural gas, solar
• Smog
• UV / Sunburn
• Smog, health concerns
Human Impact
(2 overheads)
• Chest Cavity
• Large PM expelled by
bronchial tubes
• Visible PM
– easiest to capture with
pollution control
equipment
– easiest for public to see
improvement
• Particle Size
• Visible
– greater than 1 micron
• Invisible
– less than 1 micron
– more damaging to lung
tissues
NAAQS & NAA
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards
– a measure of background pollution
– how much the environment can assimilate and
still remain healthy
• Non-Attainment Areas
– Class I: Can not have any increases
• National Parks, mostly out west
– Class II: Allows moderate growth of sources
– Class III: Allows for significant development of
new sources
PSD’s & NSPS
• Prevention of Significant Deterioration
– clean up of current sources
– prevent air from getting worse
New Sources Performance Standards (NSPS)
– don’t want to stop economic growth,
– but don’t let new factory’s from add to the
problem
NESHAP’s & PSI
• National Emissions Standards for
Hazardous Pollutants (NESHAPS)
– set standards for hazardous, man-made
pollutants
• Pollution Standards Index
– report to the public on how ‘clean’ the air is
– helps pressure industry to clean up
– public health awareness from air pollution
CAA Stationary Sources
• Determined background • Prevent areas from
(natural) pollution levels
getting worse
NAAQS
PSD’s
• Controlling existing
• Regulate Primary
sources in polluted areas
Pollutants
Class I
• Regulate man-made
• Control new sources
toxic pollutants
NSPS
NESHAP’s
Pollution Prevention
Replace / Substitute
– Levi Straus: blue cloth paper
– Kodak: shredded paper
– Hugh’s: lemon juice instead of CFC’s
– Burn low sulfur Anthracite coal
instead of high sulfur Bituminous coal
– Utilities: burn oil instead of coal
Pollution Prevention
Replace / Substitute
– Hazardous Materials reductions
– Natural Gas for use on buses & trucks
– Emissions Trading Policy
Pollution Control
Reduce / Optimize
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Flume: high temperature burner
Cyclone: vacuum sweeper
Bag-house: but when the bag breaks…?
Wet Scrubber: dirty water, now what…?
Electrostatic Precipitator: effective
Limestone Fluidized bed: alter composition
Tower: Electro. Precipitator + wet scrubber
Pollution Reduction
Recycle / Reuse
– EGR valve on cars
– CH4 in wastewater systems
– Levi Straus: blue cloth paper
– Kodak: shredded paper for shipping
– Electric utilities use wastewater for coolant
– St. Petersburg lawn water reuse
4 R’s = 4 P’s
• Regulation = Polluter Pays Principle
• Replace / Substitute = Pollution Prevention
• Reduce / Optimize = Pollution Control
• Recycle / Reuse = Pollution Reduction
Acid Rain
• Utilities & Factory’s
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Electricity from turbines
Turbines run on steam
Steam produced by heat
Heat created by burning coal
Coal contains Sulfur
• Combusted Sulfur reacts with water to
form Sulfuric Acid (HSO3)
Acid Rain
• Sulfuric Acid (HSO3) falls to the ground as
– Dry Deposition (dust, acidification)
– Wet Deposition (Acid Rain)
• Acidic water bodies can not support life
• Lime Soils buffer & neutralize Acid Rain
• In other soils, Acidic rain leaches metals out
of the soil and make them bio-available
• Metals bio-accumulate and become toxic
Acid Rain: Cross Media Impact
• Sulfuric Acid (HSO3) falls to the ground as
– Dry Deposition (dust, acidification)
– Wet Deposition (Acid Rain)
• Acidic water bodies can not support life
• Lime Soils buffer & neutralize Acid Rain
• In other soils, Acidic rain leaches metals out
of the soil and make them bio-available
• Metals bio-accumulate and become toxic
Atmosphere
• Mesosphere
– (overhead)
• Stratosphere
• Troposphere
– Nitrogen 78%
– Oxygen 21%
Greenhouse Gases
• SO2
Sulfur Dioxide: coal / electricity
• CO2
Carbon Dioxide: people, fossil fuel
• NOx
Nitrous Oxide: fertilizer, fossil fuel, cars
» also involved in ozone depletion
Greenhouse Gases
• CO
Carbon Monoxide: cars
• CH4
Methane: animals, biodegration
• Pb
Lead: 1970 - 1985 = 90% reduction
• HC
Hydrocarbons (VOC’s): fossil fuels
• CFC’s
Chloroflourocarbons: aerosols
» mainly involved in ozone depletion
• CO2
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Greenhouse Effect
naturally occurring in Troposphere
is used by plants for photosynthesis
by-product of fossil fuel combustion
COx traps heat, keeps the Earth warm
• Hawaii Statistics
• Deforestation in Brazil & Asia
– loss of plants taking in CO2
– what is the precautionary approach?
Ozone Hole
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Ozone located in the upper troposphere
Ozone filter UV radiation
CFC’s gobble up Ozone (1000 : 1)
Increase UV = Increase Skin Cancer
HFC’s substitute for CFC’s at minimal cost
Precautionary Approach to Management
– we don’t know, & it isn’t costly: so be cautious
PAN’s / SMOG
(overhead)
• NOx & COx produced by cars
• Reacts with oxygen to produce Ozone
• Ozone filters (captures) sunlight just like in
stratosphere, but on dirt & dust particles
• Particles cause haze “Smog”
• Serious health hazard at high levels
Atmospheric Patterns
• Curiolis Effect
• Pressure Zones
(diagrams)
– High & Low, Wind, Moisture
– Urban Bubble - heat sink
• Inversions
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(Warm Sunny Days, Clear Cool Nights)
Nocturnal Inversion
Subsidence Inversion
Stagnation: Denver, Pgh, WVa
Stationary Source Plumes
(diagrams)
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Adiabatic Expansion Rate
Mean Mixing depth
Coning Plume
Looping Plume
Fanning Plume
Trapping Plume
Fumigating Plume
Dispersion Models
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Linear
Box
Multi-box
Gaussian
Gaussian Mobile
Mobile Sources
• Trucks & Buses
– Natural gas, big tanks, diesel
• Trains & Planes
– oil, electric, new engine designs: ACRID AIR
• Cars
– mufflers, EGR, fuel injection, catalytic
converter, mpg, weight, SUV’s
Air Pollution
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What is regulated
What are the sources
What are the controls
Why are pollutants a health concern
Role of atmospheric conditions
Role of chemical reactions
Pre-cautionary principle