Transcript Algae – its role, species and production requirements

Algae – its role, species and
production requirements
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Role of algae in aquaculture
 First link in the chain of live food manufacture
and nutrition.
 Culture diet for rotifers
 Enrichment diet for rotifers
 Green water technique
 Provides a direct source of nutrition for larvae
 Provides background rotifer feeding
 Other zootechnical benefits
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Role of algae in the green water larval rearing
technique
 An anti-bacterial agent
 In situ biological filter and producer of oxygen
 Light filter
 Promoter in the location of prey organisms
 Stimulation of enzymatic synthesis and onset
of feeding in young larvae
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Practical usage of algae in the hatchery
 Maintenance of master/stock rotifer cultures
 Feeding or co-feeding of rotifer mass cultures
 Enrichment diet for rotifers prior to feeding the
larvae
 Used in the larval rearing tanks as “Green water
techniques”
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Species commonly used in aquaculture (a)
 Chlorophyceae – green algae
Chlorella salina (8 μm)
Chlorella sp.
Dunaliella sp.
Nannochloris atomus (4 μm)
 Prasinophyceae – greenish coloured algae
Tetraselmis chui (14 μm)
Tetraselmis suecica ( 12μm)
 Eustigmatophyceae – greenish yellow algae
Nannochloropsis oculata ( 3 μm)
Nannochloropsis sp. (4 μm)
Nannochloropsis gaditana (4 μm)
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Species commonly used in aquaculture (b)
 Prymnesiophyceae - golden brown flagellates
Isochrysis galbana (7 μm)
Isochrysis sp. (Tahitian) (9 μm)
Monochrysis
Pavlova lutheri (7 μm)
 Cryptophyceae – naked flagellates
Rhodomonas sp. (17 μm)
Chroomonas salina (17 μm)
 Bacillariophyceae – diatoms
Chaetoceros calcitrans (5 μm)
Skeletonema costatum (9 μm)
Thalassiosira pseudonana (9 μm)
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Various algal species
(CCAP-M, Oban)
Chaetoceros sp.
Nannochloropsis
salina CCAP 849/2
Dunaliella
Rhinomonas reticulata var
reticulata (‘Rhodomonas’)
CCAP 995/2
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Sources of algae
 CCAP Culture collection of algae and protozoa,
Oban, UK. www.ife.ac.uk/ccap/
 Algobank Microalgae Strain Bank, Universite de
Caen, France. www.unicaen.fr
 SAG Sammlung von Algenkulturen, Gottingen,
Germany www.gwdg.de/~botanik/phykolgia
 CCMP Provasoli-Guillard National Centre for culture
of marine phytoplankton, Westboothbay harbour ME,
USA. http://ccmp.bigelow.org
 UTEX Culture collection of algae at the univesity of
Texas at Austin www.bio.utexas.edu/research/utex
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Calculating algal requirements
Hatchery - Algae requirements
Sea bream
General assumptions
1) Av. daily algal consumption/m3 larval volume (L)
20
2) Av daily requirement per 100M rotifer production (L)
100
3) Algal production volume/m3 daily production (m3)
6,7
Annual production target (2g juveniles)
Requirements
2.000.000
4.000.000
6.000.000
10.000.000
62
123
185
308
Daily larval algae requirement (m3)
1,23
2,46
3,69
6,15
Daily rotifer production (M)
615
1231
1846
3077
Daily rotifer algae requirement (m3)
0,62
1,23
1,85
3,08
Total daily algal production (m3)
1,8
3,7
5,5
9,2
Algal production volume needed (m3)
12
25
37
61
No of 0.5m3 bags needed
28
56
54
50
No of 4m3 tanks required
0
0
4
12
Total algal production volume (m3)
14
28
43
73
Initial larval rearing vol (m3)
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Calculating the volume of algae required for
rotifer production.
6
(6 million juveniles at 20 x 10 cells/ml Nannochloropsis)
 Stock cultures
Approx. 150 - 300 litres per day
 Mass cultures
Using algae and yeast there is an average daily
requirement of 100 litres of algae for every 100
million rotifers produced.
A 6 million hatchery would use 2 x 109 rotifers per
day => 2m3 of algae per day. (3 production runs of 2
mill)
 Rotifer enrichment.
If all the rotifers were enriched at 2million/ml need
1m3 of tank space and at least 1m3 of algae.
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Calculating the volume of algae required for
green water larval rearing
6
(6 million juveniles at 20 x 10 cells/ml Nannochloropsis)
 20 L of algae per m3 of larval rearing per day
6
at 20 x 10 cells/ml
 A 6 million production hatchery will have
approximately 185 m3 of larval rearing.
 Daily larval rearing requirement of 3.7 m3
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Daily algal requirement
Rotifer stock cultures
0.3 m3
Rotifer mass cultures
2.0 m3
Rotifer enrichment
1.0 m3
Green water larval
rearing
3.7 m3
Total requirement
7.0 m3 /per day
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Typical cell densities achieved
Algal species
Volumes
up to 20 L
Chlorella
up to 75
Dunaliella tertiolecta
1-3
Nannochloropsis
up to 75
Tetraselmis
1,8
Isochrysis sp Tahitian
17
Isochrysis galbana
20
Pavlova lutheri
16
Chaetoceros
18-40
Volumes
200-500L
20
1-2
20
1,5 to 2.7
3-15
5-8
5-8
25-30
Cell densities in cells x 106 / ml
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High density systems
Indoor Outdoor
200
400
150
2,5
20
280
6
40
Algal culture techniques
Culture Air
Vol. Litres
Master tubes No
0.25
No
0.5
No
1-2
Yes
10-20 Yes
200-500 Yes
High density Yes
CO2 Culture time
pH
Temp.
C
No up to 1 month No Control 13-20
No up to 1 month No Control 13-20
No up to 2 weeks No Control 18-24
Yes 4-8 days
7-7.5 18-24
Yes 4-8 days
7-7.5 18-24
Opt. 5-7 days
7.5-8.5 20-30
Yes 1 month +
7.5-8.5 20-30
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Transfer
Quan.
10%
30%
75%
75%
80-100%
60-100%
30%/day
Comments
Diffuse light
Diffuse light
Continuous light
Continuous light
Continuous light
Amb or art light
Amb or art light
Fluorescent shelf and overhead metal
halide lighting
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Transparent walls and lighting
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Shelf lighting
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Under shelf and side lighting
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Fluorescent sack lighting
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Natural light greenhouse structures
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Indoor bag cultures
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High density culture systems
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Photo-bioreactor algal culture
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