Transcript Slajd 1 - Supernat

Nature
of organizations
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Institute of Administrative Studies
University of Wrocław
Nature of organizations
Why study organizations?
Organizations are a dominant component of contemporary society. We have become a society of
organizations:

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organizations surround us
we are born in organizations and usually die in them
our life space in between is filled with organizations
organizations are as inevitable as death and taxes
Organizations have absorbed society.
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Why study
organizations?
Organizations have
outcomes:
for individuals
 for categories of
individuals
 for communities
 for society

Nature of organizations
Why do we have organizations?
organizations do things that individuals cannot do by
themselves

organizations do almost everything that is done in the
contemporary society

dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Oliver E. Williamson (b. 1932):
Organizations develop to take the place of
markets, where people could barter, trade,
or purchase goods and services.
In this framework, markets and organizations are alternative ways to get things done.
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
New forms of organizations
Networks (formed by organizations working together in
joint ventures in areas in which single organizations do
not have resources to proceed on their own). An example:
European Competition Network.

Virtual organizations (formed when organizational
members are in contact with each other via Internet or
other media). An example: International Competition Network – ICN.

dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Not everything
(and it is good!)
is organizational
our feelings and emotions
are our own, even though
they are in part shaped by
our organizational
experiences

our family relationships
are not organizational as
well

dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
The definition of organizations
Ricky W. Griffin:
An organization is a group of people working together in a
structured and coordinated fashion to achieve a set of
goals.
All organizations, regardless of whether they are large or
small, profit-seeking or not-for-profit, domestic or multinational, use some combination of human, financial, physical and information resources to achieve their goals.
These resources are generally obtained from the organization’s environment.
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Richard H. Hall, Pamela S. Tolbert:
An organization is a collectivity with a relatively identifiable boundary, a normative order (rules), ranks of authority (hierarchy), communications systems, and membership coordinating systems (procedures); this collectivity
exists on a relatively continuous basis, in environments,
and engages in activities that are usually related to a set
of goals; the activities have outcomes for organizational
members, for the organization itself, and for society.
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Tadeusz Kotarbiński, The ABC of Practica-lity,
transl. Adam Szpaderski, Olsztyn 2006:
The word „organisation” may be used in at
least three different ways: either as the
name of an object possessing some system,
or as the name of this very system of the
object itself, id est a system of relations connecting mutually its parts and these parts with a whole,
or finally, as the act which consists in giving a similarly
understood system to the object, in other words, the
name of the act of organising. As a matter of fact, every
complex object possesses some system, so it is an organisation in the primary meaning of the word […].
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Pojęcie organizacji
 znaczenie czynnościowe (czynność organizowania, czyli
organizowanie)
 znaczenie rzeczowe (rzecz zorganizowana, w szczególności złożona z ludzi, wspólnych celów i zasobów)
 znaczenie atrybutowe (cecha rzeczy, ale i procesu, polegająca na tym, że składniki rzeczy lub procesu współprzyczyniają się do powodzenia całości)
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Each organization requires management.
Organizations and management
are as inseparable as
Mary and her little lamb.
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Mary Had a Little Lamb by Sarah J. Hale, 1830
Mary had a little lamb,
Its fleece was white as snow;
And everywhere that Mary went,
The lamb was sure to go.
He followed her to school one day;
That was against the rule;
It made the children laugh and play;
To see a lamb at school.
And so the teacher turned it out,
But still it lingered near,
And waited patiently about
Till Mary did appear.
force to leave / send away
Sarah J. Hale, 1788-1879
"Why does the lamb love Mary so?"
The eager children cry;
"Why, Mary loves the lamb, you know,"
The teacher did reply.
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Organizations and individuals
individual as an employee
 new forms of employment
 individual as a customer
or a client
 economic dimensions of
employment
 social dimensions in
organizations
 changes in organizations

Nature of organizations
Organizations and individuals
1. Individuals as employees of organizations. People’s reactions to their work result from the individual’s own
expectations and the characteristics of the employing
organization (work in organizations is not necessarily
deadening to the individual). Neither organizations nor
individuals can be easily changed to yield consistent
positive reactions.
2. New forms of employment in organizations:
 part-time work

nonpermanent work

home based work / telecommuting
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
3. Individuals as organizations’ customers or clients.
Those who come to organizations for products or
services and are not totally satisfied with what they
receive create consumer and client-advocacy organizations.
4. Economic aspects of working in organizations. People
have an obvious economic stake in the organizations
in which they work. Organizations affect the economic
well-being of workers and hence also their dependents.
5. Social aspects of working in organizations. Organizations are key actors in the social stratification system.
6. Changes in organizations. Worker-friendly and familyfriendly policies (job-sharing, flextime, and so on).
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Balanced life
Nick Halping: A balanced life is one where we spread our
energy and effort – emotional, intellectual, imaginative,
spiritual and physical – between key areas of importance
(see the diagram in the next slide). The neglect of one or
more areas, or anchor points, may threaten the vitality of
the whole.
The term ‘work-life balance’ was first coined in 1986 in
reaction to the unhealthy choices that many Americans
were making in favor of the work place, as they opted to
neglect family, friends and leisure activities in the pursuit
of corporate goals.
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Nick Halping:
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Categories of individuals
Categories of individuals are differentially affected by the
organizations in which they work (e.g. organizations can
have and have had policies regarding hiring and promotion aimed at specific categories of individuals: „the glass
ceiling” or „No Irish Need Apply”).
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Categories of individuals
The especially important categories of individuals are:
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gender
age
race
ethnicity
disability
religion
education and skills
weight (excessive weight)
addictions
sexual orientation
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Glass ceiling
U.S. Department of Labor, 1991:
Artificial barriers based on attitudinal or organizational
bias that prevent qualified individuals from advancing
upward in their organization into management-level positions.
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Non-sexual harassment – mobbing
Kodeks pracy
Art. 933
§ 1. Pracodawca jest obowiązany przeciwdziałać mobbingowi.
§ 2. Mobbing oznacza działania lub zachowania dotyczące
pracownika lub skierowane przeciwko pracownikowi, polegające na uporczywym i długotrwałym nękaniu lub zastraszaniu pracownika, wywołujące u niego zaniżoną ocenę
przydatności zawodowej, powodujące lub mające na celu
poniżenie lub ośmieszenie pracownika, izolowanie go lub
wyeliminowanie z zespołu współpracowników.
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Sexual harassment
•
•
unwanted non-verbal attention
offensive language
unwanted physical contact of a sexual nature
• socialization or date requests
• sexual propositions that did not involve threats or
promises
• sexual propositions involving promises of positive jobrelated consequences
• sexual propositions involving threats of adverse jobrelated consequences
• sexual assault
•
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Sexual harassment
Pierwsza sprawa sądowa związana z molestowaniem seksualnym
miała miejsce w USA w 1976 r. Wcześniej termin sexual harassment
nie pojawiał się nawet w mediach. Prawdziwym przełomem było
głośne wydarzenie z 1991 r., kiedy A.F. Hill oskarżyła nominowanego
na stanowisko sędziego Sądu Najwyższego USA C. Thomasa o napastowanie seksualne w latach 80., kiedy był jej przełożonym w Komisji
ds. Równouprawnienia w Zatrudnieniu (The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission): A.F. Hill charged that C. Thomas harassed
her with inappropriate discussion of sexual acts and pornographic
films after she rebuffed his invitations to date her.
Z drugiej strony jeden z pierwszych przypadków molestowania seksualnego został opisany już w Księdze Rodzaju: chodziło o Józefa zarządzającego majątkiem Potyfara i szantażowanego seksualnie przez
jego żonę, zob. Pierwsza Księga Mojżeszowa, 39, 1-20.
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Sexual harassment
W Polsce Kodeks pracy zakazuje w art. 183a między innymi
dyskryminowania pracowników ze względu na płeć, do
którego zalicza:
„każde nieakceptowane zachowanie o charakterze seksualnym lub odnoszące się do płci pracownika, którego celem
lub skutkiem jest naruszenie godności lub poniżenie albo
upokorzenie pracownika; na zachowanie to mogą się składać fizyczne, werbalne lub pozawerbalne elementy (molestowanie seksualne)”.
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
No Irish Need Apply by John F. Poole, 1862
I'm a decent boy just landed
From the town of Ballyfad;
I want a situation, yes,
And want it very bad.
I have seen employment advertised,
"It's just the thing," says I,
"But the dirty spalpeen ended with
'No Irish Need Apply.' „
"Whoa," says I, "that's an insult,
But to get the place I'll try,"
So I went to see the blackguard
With his "No Irish Need Apply."
Some do count it a misfortune
To be christened Pat or Dan,
But to me it is an honor
To be born an Irishman.
I started out to find the house,
I got it mighty soon;
There I found the old chap seated,
He was reading the Tribune.
I told him what I came for,
When he in a rage did fly,
"No!" he says, "You are a Paddy,
And no Irish need apply." (…)
old-fash
a job; position in work
old-fash a man of completely dishonorable character
infml an Irishman (often considered offensive)
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Organizations
and the community
Organizations have outcomes
not only for individuals and
categories of individuals but
also for the communities or
localities in which they operate.
In the case of powerful
organizations (organizational
inhabitants) the impact on the
local community can be great
and… dramatic. They may
literally, for example moving to
other areas, destroy the
community.
Nature of organizations
What is important under these circumstances is the
degree to which organizations encourage their managers
to participate in community affairs.
Mission of GKN Automotive Driveline Division, August
1997: Our mission is to (…) contribute positively to the
communities in which we operate.
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Biedniejsze rynki nie chcą małych aut. Carlos Ghosn.
Z prezesem Nissan/Renault rozmawia Danuta Walewska, „Rzeczpospolita”, nr 59 z 10 marca 2008 r.
DW: Renault zainwestował miliard dolarów w Rosji. Jakie ma pan plany związane z tym krajem?
CG: Mamy fabrykę pod Moskwą, drugą teraz budujemy pod Sankt Petersburgiem. Kupiliśmy także 25 proc. plus jedną akcję zakładu Togliatti, gdzie będą produkowane na początku wyłacznie Łady […]
DW: Togliatti to fabryka-miasto, jedyny pracodawca. Czy zdaje pan
sobie sprawę, że kupił pan fabrykę razem z drużyną hokejową, zorganizowaną przestępczością, całym bagażem problemów społecznych?
Czy ma pan już program rewitalizacji tego miasta?
CG: Kupiliśmy tylko jedną czwartą fabryki i mam nadzieję, że nie wiążą się z tym zobowiązania dotyczące zarządzania miastem. Jesteśmy
gotowi pomóc w unowocześnieniu produkcji platform, skrzyni biegów,
w rozwiązywaniu kłopotów z jakością, ale odpowiedzialność za miasto
pozostawiamy władzom.
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
Organizations and the society
If organizations have important outcomes for individuals and communities, it is obvious that
they also have important outcomes for the wider
society or environment in which they are embedded.
It must be recognized that there is reciprocal relationship between organizations and their environment. The dominant contemporary theories
regarding management stress the central role of
environments for the operations of organizations: the environments of organizations are
viewed as a major determinant of the structure
and processes of organizations. But one can turn
this line of reasoning around and consider the
impacts of organizations on their environment.
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
lobbying (organizations
are active participants
in the development
and implementation
of governmental policy)

harmful impacts
of organizations

organizations as change
agents

organizations as resisters
of change

Harmful organizational
impacts

normal accidents

criminal acts

coercing to crimes

facilitating crimes

use of cheap labor in the third
world countries

contributing to obesity in society

harmful outcomes produced by
public organizations
Nature of organizations
Disasters experienced by organizations (corporate
tragedies)
 Johnson & Johnson and product tampering in 1982
 Procter & Gamble (
) and accusations (in 1994 and
1999) of financing the Church of Satan
 McDonald’s and accusations of cutting down rain
forests in the Amazon river basin
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Objawienie św. Jana; 13, 18, zdanie trzecie:
A liczba jego jest sześćset sześćdziesiąt sześć.
Nature of organizations
Organizations and social change

internal change and the social change

the organization as a change agent

organizations as resisters to change
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
Nature of organizations
The case of
the Women’s Christian Temperance Union – WCTU
WCTU
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat
debauchery – rozpusta
ruin – ruina
misery – nędza
despair – rozpacz
death – śmierć
poverty – ubóstwo
disgrace – hańba
madness – szaleństwo
disease – choroba
damnation – potępienie
Not only daddy is in there…
Please pay your attention to
the text at the bottom of the
poster.
American federal agents pour out alcoholic beverages („intoxicating
liquor”) during prohibition (1920-1933).
No person […] shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import,
export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor [...].
Poster calling to vote YES
in national referendum
for prohibition of
intoxicating beverages in
Sweden held on the 27th
of August 1922.
Concluding remark
Organization can never be a substitute for initiative and
for judgment.
Louis D. Brandeis (1856-1941)
dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat