Transcript Slide 1

Women and Post Conflict
reconstruction : Issues for Public
Administration Reform
The MDG Deficit in Conflict & Fragile Settings
MDG
MDG Goal
% Fragile States % Non-Fragile
Achieved and States Achieved
on Track
and on Track
Diff
MDG 1
Eradicate extreme
poverty and hunger
10 %
42%
32 %
MDG2
Achieve universal primary
education
45 %
66%
21 %
MDG3
Promote Gender Equality
and Empower Women
28 %
52%
24 %
MDG4
Reduce Child Mortality
31%
56%
25 %
MDG5
Improve Maternal Health
14%
48%
34 %
MDG6
Combat HIV AIDS,
Malaria and other
diseases
17%
38%
21 %
MDG 7
Ensure environmental
sustainability
3%
27%
24 %
Source : World Bank (2010)
Performing the Balancing Act: Challenge for PostConflict Settings
Source: ODI (2010)
Need to balance efforts to ensure safety and security, emergency humanitarian needs
with programs that drive economic development and improve health and education,
which rebuild communities hand demonstrate local progress.
Gender-differential: Experience of conflict
• Women tend to suffer disproportionately in time of crisis or
conflict
• Women frequently have fewer and less effective economic
and social safety netsand start recovery from a lower human
and physical capital base than men (less educated, fewer
assets etc).
• All forms of gender-based violence, in particular sexual
violence tend to exacerbate women’s recovery challenges
– Rape and other forms of sexual and gender-based violence are horrific
forms of strategic weaponry in many contemporary conflicts
•
Access to health, education and livelihood services is also
usually severely affected
• Have different needs for treatment, rehabilitation, support
for the families they head, access to livelihoods and property,
justice and redress
Greater challenges for service delivery in
Post Conflict States
• Challenges posed by gender differentials in
experience of conflict [demand]
– Leads to larger service requirements
• Limited capacity for provision [supply]
– Weakened rule of law, inadequate systems and
reduced human infrastructure capacity
• Rebuilding: window of opportunity
– Opportunity to correct gender bias
UN Mandate & Key Principles: SCR
1325, 1820, 1888,1889
3 P’s Framework for Action
•
Participation & representation of women in all aspects of
peace-building & security.
•
Protection of women as a group with specific needs and
concerns.
•
Prevention of sexual and other violence and prevention of
conflict.
Four resolutions:
1325 (2000); 1820 (2008); 1888 (2009); 1889 (2009)
Protection & Prevention
•The necessity to protect girls and women against violence,
especially gender based violence
•Gender analysis of security sector, Female Police Units ( Timor Leste,
Liberia)
• The need to prevent the perpetuation of
gender injustice
– Girls and women are usually rendered invisible
or are marginalized within judicial processes,
including war tribunals, when they seek justice
in response to gender-specific violence. The
general lack of access to justice for survivors of
sexual assault is a major problem
• The prevention of women and girls’ revictimization
– Women and girls run also the risk of being "revictimized" by the lack of adequate healthcare
and support structures for assisting victims of
sexual violence and other forms of violence
Participation
• The need to actively support women's inclusion and leadership
• Women’s inclusion and presence in public decision making is sis
critical(starting with peace process, post-conflict needs
assessments, public management and in service delivery)
• Exclusion from leadership and priority-setting leads to neglect or
postponing of prosecutions for SV and other abuses, reparations,
restitution of property rights, livelihood and employment
• Slow progress -- since 2000…
–Fewer than 10% of peace negotiators have been women
–Fewer than 2% of signatories have been women
–The UN has appointed no women mediators at all
Participation
• The need to address women and girls' specific needs
in economic reintegration programs
– Limited inclusion of women in economic reintegration programs,
including land reform initiatives, and public works programs
– Women often face difficulties in claiming property, especially when
there are informal titles to land and property.
• The mainstreaming of women’s needs into
macro and microeconomic programs.
– Conflicts tend to shift economic and social burdens disproportionately
onto the shoulders of women as they often become the main support
for their family. However, recovery efforts may not prioritize the needs
and realities of women and girls, including health needs, domestic
responsibilities and needs for skills training and credit. need for credit.
– Additionally, women may face discriminatory policies, structural
barriers and cultural prejudices in the labor market.
Women’s Participation in DDR
•The need to better address the specific situation of
former girls and women combatants;
– DDR programs often focus on the socalled 'young men with guns.' DDR
programs have given very little attention
to the specific situation of girls and
women, in both forced and voluntary
capacities
– As agents women need to be part of
DDR processes, participate in governance
of their communities and country,
participate in establishing the rule of law
participate in holding public authorities to
account.
Increased Participation of Women in Public
Administration
Women’s participation in the design and delivery of services
results in more gender-responsive and pro-poor service
delivery outcomes
– Reduces access barriers to service delivery
– More likely to identify and advocate for specific
needs of women and girls
– Significant ‘role modeling effect’ that inspires
other women to seek public sector
employment, contributing to the ‘feminization
of public space’ and to the overall goals of
more gender and poverty-responsive public
sector performance
• Double Benefit in Post Conflict
Contexts
– Accelerating MDG Achievement
– improving intra-household distribution of
income of public sector employees.
Lack of Planning and Adequate
Financing – closing the
implementation gap
• Inadequate accountability mechanisms
• Monitoring system to ensure women’s needs
and issues are not incorporated in planning
• Tracking mechanism to ensure adequate
funding for women’s specific needs
• Commitments to gender equality do not
match planning and funding requirements
Inclusion of Gender Issues in Post –
Conflict Financing
Implications for Public Administration
• Public Sector Reforms: Influence and voice from the planning to the
implementation levels need to be increased, including how services are
delivered ( supply and demand)
– Build gender-sensitivity into revised incentive systems, performance
measures, and monitoring systems
– Review remit, incentives, standards of evidence of formal accountability
institutions to enable them to answer more effectively to women
– Compensate for gender-specific asymmetries in access to opportunities,
security, etc (provide transportation, child care etc)
– Support institutionalization of women’s engagement in design and delivery of
public services – including measures to support and reward public service
providers that address women’s needs
– Recognize that women’s inclusion isn’t only about guaranteeing women’s
representation. Rather, it is about recognizing the unique leadership women
offer and training them to participate effectively in governance at all levels.
– Capacity Building for civil servants should also include best practices for
effectively delivering public services to the people, and especially to women
and the poor
Implications for Public Administration
– Planning and Financing
• Public Expenditure Management: measures to enable set spending
priorities and monitor allocations for gender equality
– Matching commitments, planning, targets and funding
– Financing capacity-building of women’s civil society organizations including building
capacity for effective engagement with state providers – gender budget analysis and
audit, establishment of monitoring systems and public sector ‘watch’ systems
• Improving accountability requires better monitoring and tracking of
planning, targeting and funding for women’s specific needs:
•
Better systems are needed – i.e. gender markers are becoming more popular
•
More data is needed, estimations, even with limitations, may be critical triggers for
highlighting issues and producing better data
– Mediate links to other types of citizen efforts to improve governance and
service delivery including anti-corruption movements, transparency efforts