PRESENTATION ON THE BEYOND 3G NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PROGRAM AT FRANCE

UNDERTAKEN AND PRESENTED BY:

RAJARAJAN.S B.Tech (CSE) ASSISTANT SYSTEMS ENGINEER TRAINEE (RECRUITED) TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES INDIA

DYNAMIC CLUSTERING-BASED ADAPTIVE MOBILE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT IN INTEGRATED VANET-3G HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS

RAJARAJAN.S

B.Tech CSE (Pondicherry Engineering College, 2009) Assistant Systems Engineer Trainee (Recruited to join), Tata Consultancy Services, India TARIK TALEB, Member,

IEEE

and Vice-Chair,

IEEE ComSoc Satellite and Space Communications

Senior Researcher and Standardization Engineer, NEC Europe Networks R&D Labs, Heidelberg, Germany ABDERRAHIM BENSLIMANE, Senior Member,

IEEE

and Vice-Chair,

IEEE ComSoc Communication and Information Security

Professor, Laboratoire D’Informatique – Reseaux et Applications Multimedias, University of Avignon, Avignon, France © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

AGENDA OF THE PRESENTATION

         

INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF THE STATE OF ART PROPOSED VANET-3G INTEGRATED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE DYNAMIC CLUSTERING IN VANETs ADAPTIVE MOBILE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH REFERENCES INDUSTRIAL AND ACADEMIC R&D PROJECTS SCOPES AND BUSINESS PROSPECTIVES OF BEYOND 3G NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS

© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

INTRODUCTION TO VANET AND 3G-UMTS NETWORKS

  Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET):      IEEE 802.11p Wireless Local Area Networks Unlicensed Frequency: 5.9 GHz Gross Data Rates: 6 to 27 Mbps Peak Radio Communication Range: 300 metres Total number of channels: 7 ; Channel Frequency : 10 MHz 3G – Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS)  Wide-area Cellular Network standardized by 3GPP, operated by WCDMA      Licensed Uplink Frequency: 1.925 GHz Licensed Downlink Frequency : 2.115 GHz UTRAN Dedicated Channel (dch 4) Data Rates: 384 Kbps (UL), 2 Mbps (DL) UTRAN HSDPA Data Rates: 2 Mbps (UL), 7.2 Mbps (DL) Radio Communication Coverage Range : 8 to 10 km per BST © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

EXISTING INTERNET CONNECTIVITY IN VANETs

   Great deal of momentum for internetworking and providing data connectivity to VANETs Vehicular Communication is twofold:   Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communication: Communication among vehicles by IEEE 802.11p radio interface Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communication: Communication between vehicles and static roadside infrastructure Gateway APs using DSRC, WLAN. These Static Gateways are in turn connected to wired Internet Disadvantages of static Gateways:  Cost of erecting static roadside infrastructure gateways at fixed distances from one another   Unsuited nature of static Gateways for infrastructure-less and dynamic VANET scenarios and multi-hop nature of communication Unfavourable during Gateway Handover due to pro-active nature of communication © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

PURPOSE OF VANET-UMTS INTEGRATION

    Provision of seamless data access and inter-networking support to dynamic, infrastructure-less VANET by envisioning VANET – UMTS integration Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (HWN): Integration of individual wireless networks for seamless connectivity with co-existence of multiple access techniques.

Multi-hop Beyond 3G Networks: Type of HWN - formed by integration of IEEE 802.11p multi-hop ad hoc networks (VANET) with 3G UMTS PURPOSE:  Coupling high data rates (IEEE 802.11p) with wide range of communication (3G) facilitates extension of UMTS service coverage over VANET    Configuring vehicles with UMTS UTRAN interface enables them connect to internet and serve as mobile gateways Suited for dynamic, infrastructure-less topologies and multi-hop, reactive nature of communication in VANET.

Facilitation of Gateway Handover and elimination of dead spots in UMTS © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

PURPOSE OF MOBILE GATEWAYS IN VANET UMTS INTEGRATED NETWORK

   Gateway: Dual-interfaced intermediate vehicle in VANET that enables data communication between the vehicles in the VANET and backhaul UMTS network Configuration and enabling of dual interfaces of 3G UMTS and IEEE 802.11p in Gateway vehicles for serving as liaison between VANET and UMTS networks Research Objectives and related issues:     Configuration of mobile gateways with dual interfaces of IEEE 802.11p and UTRAN – these two networks lie in two different spectrum regions Selection of a minimum number of optimal gateways – To avoid bottleneck at UMTS BST, save access network resources and reduce hand-off frequencies Performing Gateway Handover – to sustain UMTS service continuity and inter connectivity during loss of optimality of serving Gateway Choice of optimal Gateway Discovery Mechanism – to inform all vehicles of the multi hop VANET about the Gateway.   Pro-active (Periodic GWADV): Less Delay ; High Overhead Reactive (On-demand GWSOL): Less Overhead ; High delay © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

PURPOSE OF CLUSTERING IN VANET-UMTS INTEGRATED NETWORK

   Clustering : Grouping of vehicles based on similar characteristics to differentiate between ordinary and gateway vehicles Tendency to enhance stability of links among vehicles, essential during broadcast of control packets and advertisement messages Research Objectives and Issues:    Performing Dynamic clustering – To adapt to the infrastructure-less and dynamic environment of VANET Classification of vehicles – To account the various related vehicular metrics and characteristics for optimal grouping Computation of Time to Live (TTL) values – To effectively handle broadcasting of control packets and advertisement messages within clusters © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

OVERVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE

   “ An efficient routing protocol for connecting vehicular networks to the Internet ”,

S.Barghi et al.

[1]:  Selection of route with the longest lifetime to connect VANET to the wired network, by defining LET and RET metrics  Stationary/Mobile vehicles and purely stationary gateway. Pro-active communication between vehicles and fixed gateways “ Neighbourhood Fish-Eye State Routing ”,

T. Taleb et al.

[2]:  Metric information such as hop-length or path-stability of the neighbour nodes are collected with the help of routing updates disseminated to retain stability  A node is a neighbour if a path with minimum reliability to the node exists.

“ Optimized Dissemination of Alarm Messages ”,

A. Benslimane et al.

[4]:   Achieves stability and reliability via efficient dissemination of alarm messages to relay nodes in risk zones Relaying performed by vehicle with minimum ‘defer-time’, which is the time for which re broadcasting is delayed by a vehicle, receiving control packet or advertisement message © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

OVERVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE

   “Towards an Effective Risk-Conscious and Collaborative Vehicular Collision Avoidance Systems”,

K.B.Latieif et al.

[5]:  Cluster-based risk-aware collaborative vehicular collision avoidance system  Clustering of vehicles based on velocities, direction of movement and inter-vehicular distances “A Stable Routing Protocol to support ITS services in VANET networks”,

A. Jamalipour et al.

[6]:  Addresses issues of path disruptions or link-breakage caused by vehicle’s mobility prior to the event’s occurrence  Grouping according to the movement directions to establish stable single-hop/multi-hop paths “A Novel Multi-hop Beyond 3G Architecture for Adaptive Gateway Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks”,

S.Rajarajan et al.

[13]:  Integration of MANET with UMTS for anytime, anywhere seamless data access © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

OVERVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE

    Dual-interface configuration, Multi-metric Adaptive Selection and Migration of Gateways Metrics include residual energy, UMTS signal strength and mobility speed  Evaluation of the proposed AGMMB3G with existing HWN architectures “Adaptive Distributed Gateway Discovery Scheme in Hybrid Wireless Networks”,

Usman Javaid et al.

[16]  Combines pro-active and reactive Gateway Discovery mechanisms  Description of advertisement interval and zone configuration, corresponding to number of hops “An improved handover algorithm based on signal strength plus distance for interoperability in mobile cellular networks”,

B. Singh et al.

[17]  BST handover support – based on signal strength and distance for interoperability in mobile cellular networks  Initiation algorithm for intersystem (i.e. 2G GSM and 3G UMTS) handover based on combining geographical location of mobile terminals and signal strength thresholds.

© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

ENVISIONED VANET-UMTS INTEGRATED ARCHITECTURE

SGSN GGSN Internet Global Servers RNC CL 1.1

BST CL1. 2 Gateway Candidate Ordinary Vehicle Gateway 3G Active Region Moving Direction Moving Direction CL 2.2

CL2.1

© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

ENVISIONED VANET-UMTS INTEGRATED NETWORK

    Individual networks in the envisioned HWN:   IEEE 802.11p-based infrastructure-less VANET 3G UMTS cellular network Components of UMTS network:     Base Station Transceiver (BST): UMTS Node B. Communication with the mobile clients via UTRAN interface Radio Network Controller (RNC): Co-ordinates radio resources for BST Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): Performs routing within the core components and network switching functions. Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): Communication with external network and performs packet-switching within UMTS IP Global servers are the data sources and vehicles are the mobile data clients One or more BSTs according to ITS system management. © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

3G ACTIVE REGION AND GATEWAY CANDIDATES

     3G Active Region : Region within VANET where UMTS Received Signal Strength (RSS) is profound/intense (Greater than a pre-defined SS Th ) – A portion of UMTS coverage region Gateway Candidates (GWC): Vehicles in VANET, equipped with both IEEE 802.11p and UMTS UTRAN interfaces, lying within or moving into the 3G Active Region. UMTS UTRAN interface – Enabled on GWCs Ordinary Vehicles (OV): Vehicles in VANET, that are either not equipped with IEEE 802.11p and UTRAN interfaces, or not lying within or moving into the 3G Active Region. UMTS UTRAN interface – Either unequipped or disabled on OVs Selection of minimum number of optimal gateways per direction to enable VANET communication with UMTS. UTRAN interface is activated only on the gateways to communicate with the UMTS BST Advantages of having minimum number of optimal Gateways:  Reduce bottleneck at UMTS BST by minimizing unnecessary allocation of additional UTRAN channels to vehicles during their short time of existence in VANET © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

DUAL-INTERFACE CONFIGURATION OF THE GATEWAY

802.11p NETWORK MV MV UTRAN interface 3G UMTS UTRAN INTERFACE (DCH – IV)

VANET GATEWAY BANDWIDTH

384 Kbps (UPLINK RATE) 2.0 Mbps (DOWNLINK RATE) IEEE 802.11p INTERFACE 0.1Mbps BASIC RATE 6 to 27 Mbps PEAK DATA RATE 1.925 MHz UPLINK FREQUENCY 1 Mbps BASIC RATE 2.115 MHz DOWNLINK FREQUENCY 5.9 GHz FREQUENCY © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

DYNAMIC CLUSTERING IN VANETs

     Increase in the stability of inter-vehicular links within the VANET for effective broadcasting and relaying of messages Three stages of dynamic clustering:     On the basis of Direction of Movement On the basis of UMTS Received Signal Strength On the basis of IEEE 802.11p Wireless Transmission Range Election of Cluster Head (CH) and Computation of Time-to-Live (TTL) On the basis of Direction of Movement   Relative to the position of the UMTS BST Relative to Cartesian Space On the basis of UMTS Received Signal Strength  Grouping of Gateway Candidates (GWCs) and Ordinary Vehicles (OVs) On the basis of IEEE 802.11p Wireless Transmission Range  Formation of groups consisting of chain of vehicles and their one-hop neighbours.

© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

ON THE BASIS OF DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT -STAGE I

 Two phases:   Direction of movement relative to the position of the UMTS BST   Towards the BST Away from the BST Direction of movement in Cartesian Space     Formation of M directional groups by splitting the transmission range R of vehicles into M transmission angles (D1, D2, … DM) of equal degrees (360/M) Each transmission angle – corresponding to each directional group Each group characterized by vector

S N θ

N

, Sin θ

N

) where

θ

N

denotes angle of inclination in Cartesian Space = (

Cos

Usage of GPS device to determine angle of inclination

θ

N

and determine the vector co ordinates (

S N

) in Cartesian Space DIRECTION DIRECTION © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

ON THE BASIS OF UMTS RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH (RSS) – STAGE II

       UMTS RSS – better consistency than metrics such as mobility speed Along a particular direction of movement, the UMTS RSS either increases or decreases consistently irrespective of velocity Higher speed towards the BST – higher is the rate of increase in UMTS RSS Higher speed away from the BST – higher is the rate of decrease in UMTS RSS UMTS RSS at time instant t, towards BST:

RSS t = RSS t

-1

+

(1 –

e -|vt - vt

-1|

/a

) UMTS RSS at time instant t, away from BST:

RSS t = RSS t

-1

-

(1 –

e -|vt - vt

-1|

/a

) In general,

RSS = RSS 0

+

v = v max ∫

(1 –

e -v/a

)

dv v =

0 3G ACTIVE REGION DIRECTION SC1 GWC SUB CLUSTER DIRECTION © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

ON THE BASIS OF UMTS RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH (RSS) – STAGE II

  Vehicles, formed in Stage I, that are equipped with both UTRAN and IEEE 802.11p interfaces and lying within or moving into 3G Active Region, receive intense UMTS RSS (greater than pre-defined SS Th ) and form GWC sub-cluster. UTRAN interface is enabled on GWCs, in addition to activated IEEE 802.11p.

Remaining vehicles are OVs. Activated only with IEEE 802.11p interface.

Slope B Slope A Slope A Slope B RSS 0

RSS

0

v 0 Mobility speed of the gateway candidates (v) v MAX 0 Mobility speed of the gateway candidates (v) v MAX © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

CLUSTERING ON THE BASIS OF IEEE 802.11P WIRELESS TRANSMISSION RANGE

  Pair of GWCs whose inter-vehicular distance is less than or equal to their IEEE 802.11p wireless transmission range form a new sub-cluster or join an existing sub cluster if one of the GWCs is already a member of the sub-cluster Transmission Range of GWC vehicle is determined as follows: 

R = T r

-where, . (1

– Є

) R – Wireless Transmission Range of the vehicle T r – Peak Wireless Transmission Range of the vehicle

Є

– Wireless Channel Fading condition © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL DIRECTION SC1 DIRECTION SC2 SUB CLUSTER

ELECTION OF CLUSTER HEAD AND COMPUTATION OF TTL

           Distributed Approach: GWC1 and GWC5 – Border GWCs of the sub-cluster (formed in Stage III) Identification of borders as leading and trailing edge GWCs of the sub-cluster Leading edge (L.E) GWC – No neighbour behind it Trailing edge (T.E) GWC - No neighbour in front of it L.E GWC communicates that its status and its GPS co-ordinates to its one-hop neighbour in front The neighbour calculates its relative distance from TTL

c

=2 CH L.E GWC and transmits this information along with its GPS co-ordinates to its one-hop neighbour in front TTL

c

=2 GWC

1

GWC

5

(R.D + GPS co-ordinates) This continues till the information reaches the T.E GWC. The T.E GWC thus calculates its Relative Distance from the L.E. GWC and re-broadcasts this information along with its GPS co-ordinates This continues till the re-broadcast message reaches the middle vehicle in the cluster (identified to be approximately (closest to) half of the R.D of the T.E. GWC) Further re-broadcasting is not done and this vehicle claims itself to be the CH of the cluster TTL (TTL c ): Computed as the maximum hop distance between the CH and the border-edge GWCs © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

MULTI-METRIC ADAPTIVE MOBILE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT

   Gateways: Intermediate vehicles which serve as a liaison between VANET and UMTS Mobile Adaptive Gateways to support dynamic, infrastructure-less, reactive and multi-hop communication nature of GWs 3 stages of Gateway Management include:    Multi-metric Mobile Gateway Selection:  To select minimum number of optimal CHs as Gateways, per direction, to enable VANET communicate with the backhaul UMTS network Multi-metric Mobile Gateway Handover:  To perform handover of the serving gateway to one or more optimal gateways when the serving gateway loses its optimality Gateway Discovery/Advertisement   To inform vehicles of the VANET about the Gateway by adopting Hybrid Gateway Discovery Computation of TTL for the CH and vehicular source in VANET © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY SELECTION ALGORITHM

Begin Algorithm 1

1. A source broadcasts

GWSOL

message within the

VANET

. Dynamic Clustering is performed in 3 stages, as explained above 2. When receiving GWSOL by a vehicle

If

(

VEHICLE_TYPE

=

CH or GWC

)

Then

2.1. Transmit metric information of

CH

containing the three metrics X i source,

UMTS RSS

and

MOBILITY_SPEED

(i=1..3):

RET

with 2.2. Discard duplicate

GWSOL

messages from the same source (if any).

Else

2.3. Forward

GWSOL

to all vehicles in the next hop in the same direction and so on, till

GWSOL

reaches at least one of the

GWCs

in each sub-cluster, reachable from the source.

End If

3. When receiving a reply, 3.1. The source calculates the scaled metric Y

i

For

each metric

X

i

of the

CH

, where . 1< i < 3 do : © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY SELECTION ALGORITHM

If

(

X i [CRITERION]

is POSITIVE) Then

X i – X min Y i

=

X max - X min

Else If

(

X i [CRITERION] X max – X i Y i

=

X max - X min

is NEGATIVE) Then

End If End For

3.2. The source calculates the weight of each

CH

by: 3

W CH = ∑

(

X i [PRIORITY_FACTOR] * Y i i =

1 ) 4. The source determines the

CH

with the maximum Weight and selects it as the

GATEWAY

5. The source broadcasts information about the

GATEWAY

within the

VANET

© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY SELECTION ALGORITHM

6. The GATEWAY activates its

3G UTRAN

interface in order to communicate with the

UMTS BST

7.

For

every new ACTIVE_SOURCE do 7.1.

If

((

UMTS_RSS

>

SS

Th

) and (

RET

with New

ACTIVE_SOURCE

>

RET

Th ))

Then

7.1.1. New

ACTIVE_SOURCE

continues with the same

GATEWAY

Else

7.1.2. Repeat Steps 1 to 5 for selecting a new

GATEWAY

End If End For End Algorithm 1 Note:

1. There cannot be any common GWC as a neighbour to any 2 sub-clusters 2. - (

ab

+

cd

) + √(

a 2

+

c 2

)

R 2

– (

ad

–

bc

)

2 LET ij = a = v i

cos

θ i a 2 – v j + c 2

cos

θ j

;

b = x i – x j

;

c

=

v i

sin

RET n-1 θ i – v j =

min{ sin

θ j

;

LET i,i+1 d = y i

},

– y j i =

1,…,

n

– 1 © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

ADAPTIVE GATEWAY HANDOVER – THE PROCESS

CONFIDENTIAL

GWC

S METRIC REQUEST

GWC

METRIC REQUEST METRIC RESPONSE

GWC

METRIC REQUEST GW a METRIC RESPONSE METRIC REQUEST METRIC RESPONSE CH a NEW GW LOSS OF OPTIMALITY © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 GWC ELECT Ch a AS THE NEW GW AND INFORM VANET BY HYBRID DISCOVERY COMPUTATION AND COMPARISON OF WEIGHTS (FOR MORE THAN ONE METRIC RESPONSE)

MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY HANDOVER

Begin Algorithm 2

For the current serving gateway GW with respect to its sources, 1.

If

(

SS[GW] < SS

Th

) Or (

RET[GW]

< R

ET

Th

)

Then

1.1. Broadcast

METRIC_REQUEST

solicitations for new gateways 1.2. Receive

METRIC_REQUEST

from some

CHs

1.3. Determine Gateway-Elects as the list of

CHs

with the maximum weight using

MMGSA

, with respect to each of its

ACTIVE_SOURCE

1.4. Forward new incoming transactions to Gateway-Elects 1.5. Use

Hybrid Gateway Discovery and Advertisement

mechanism to inform vehicles about the Gateway-Elects

End If

2. Gateway-Elects become serving gateways and send acknowledgement to the old gateway GW

End Algorithm 2

© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISMS

 PRO-ACTIVE    Periodic Broadcast of GATEWAY ADVERTISEMENT (GWADV) message by the GATEWAY Less Delay More Overhead s GWADV GWADV G © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISM...Contd

 REACTIVE    On-demand Broadcast of GATEWAY SOLICITATION (GWSOL) message by Active Sources of MANET requiring data transfer Less Overhead More Delay GWSOL s GWSOL G © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISM...(Contd)

 HYBRID    Integration of Pro-active and Reactive Gateway Discovery mechanisms Periodic Broadcast of GWADV by Gateway and On-demand Broadcast of GWSOL by Active Sources in MANET Less Overhead   Less Delay Requires Configuration of GWADV zone and time interval s GWSOL GWADV G © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

GATEWAY DISCOVERY/ADVERTISEMENT

      Hybrid Gateway Discovery – combining the pro-active and reactive mechanisms for less delay and overhead CH and elected GW broadcast periodic Cluster Advertisement (CA) and GWADV messages within the cluster using the TTL c From the CA/GWADV, every other GWC within the cluster knows metric information about CH: RET with the source(s), UMTS RSS and mobility speed of VANET Now, a vehicle which wants to become a vehicular source needs to broadcast reactively the on-demand GWSOL using TTL s TTL s – Computed as maximum of the hop distances between source and its nearest GWC (one-hop further from the last OV i.e.

OV n

), and between the source and the first OV in the VANET, so that the GWSOL reaches the OV and the immediate GWC Sufficient if the GWSOL reaches the GWC and not CH as GWC of the cluster knows information about its corresponding CH

TTL s = Max

(

d

( s , OV1 ) , (

d

( s , OVn ) + 1 )

)

R s R s

© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

 

ILLUSTRATION OF HYBRID GATEWAY DISCOVERY IN VANET-3G INTEGRATED NETWORK AND LEMMA

A Vehicular source has the maximum RET with the CH of the nearest cluster Source S has RET equal to 0 with the CH of the any other clusters existing beyond the reachable cluster as there will not be a neighbour GWC between any 2 clusters. BST CL 1.2

TTL s TTL c CL 1.1

Moving Direction CL 2.2

© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS A. NS2 SIMULATION PARAMETERS FOR VANET

Area

Parameters

Channel Propagation Model

Values

8000 x 1000 m 2 Channel/ WirelessChannel Propagation/ Nakagami Network Interface

Parameters

Interface Queue length

Values

20 packets Antenna Type Antenna/ OmniAntenna Routing Protocol AODV No. of vehicles Peak mobility speed 50 30 ms -1 MAC Interface Peak Wireless Transmission Range Interface Queue Type CONFIDENTIAL

UMTS SIMULATION PARAMETERS

Parameters

Uplink Frequency Downlink Frequency Peak Uplink Channel Bit Rate Peak Downlink Channel Bit Rate Wireless Transmission Range of UMTS BST UMTS Node B – RNC Data Rate RNC – SGSN Data Rate SGSN – GGSN Data Rate GGSN – external IP Host Data Rate

Values

1.925 GHz 2.115 GHz 384 Kbps 2 Mbps 7 km 622 Mbps (TTI: 1 ms) 622Mbps (TTI: 1 ms) 622 Mbps (TTI: 10 ms) 10 Mbps (TTI: 15 ms) Node B Interface Queue Length 20 packets © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

EVALUATION PARAMETERS

  EVALUATION PARAMETERS:   Packet Delivery Ratio Throughput    Control Packet Overhead Packet Drop Fraction Delay METRICS CONSIDERED FOR EVALUATION

:

    VANET vehicular sources Mobility speed variance IEEE 802.11p wireless transmission range of vehicles Number of clusters in VANET at an instance © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

RESULTS

75 70 65 60 55 50 2 4 6 8 10 Number of vehicular sources in VANET DYMO in in tegrated VANET-In ternet AODV+ in MGSA AODV in CMGM 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 2 4 6 8 10 Number of vehicular sources in VANET DYMO in in tegrated VANET-In ternet AODV+ in MGSA AODV in CMGM IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 13.78% IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 12.07% IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 18.01% IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 23.39% © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

RESULTS

IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 16.71%(T) 22.2%(A) IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+: 18.79%(T),2.96%(A) IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 24.97%(T) IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 22.75%(T),10.65%(A) 29.45%(A) © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

RESULTS

IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 11.68 IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 2.62

IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 16.62

IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 10.74

© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

RESULTS

IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 13.22% IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 8.75% IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO : 5.09% IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO : 16.4% © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

RESULTS

IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 9.17% IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 5.67% © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

CONCLUSION AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

     Envisioning a novel VANET – UMTS Integrated Network Architecture involving route stability, mobility and signal strength features.

Dynamic Clustering mechanism to:     Group vehicles moving in the same direction Differentiate between Gateway Candidates and ordinary vehicles Enhance Stability by grouping vehicles and their neighbours into clusters Elect Cluster Head and enable CH communication with rest of the GWCs Adaptive Gateway Management to:    Select minimum number of optimal and adequate gateways to avoid bottleneck at BST Perform gateway handover at times of loss of optimality of the serving gateways Discover the newly-elected Gateways within the VANET To incorporate Collision Avoidance mechanism as risk-aware factor during clustering, as future work by defining a critical “inter-vehicular distance” among vehicles To enable QoS for differentiating services according to vehicular priorities © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL

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INDUSTRIAL R&D PROJECTS ON INTER VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION

   Allocation of spectrum for Inter-vehicular Communication (IVC) and Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) by Federal Communications Commission Inter-vehicular Communication Projects by Governments and Industries:    Toyota BMW Daimler-Chrysler Projects on Intelligent Transportation Services in IVC       Advance Driver Assistance Systems Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership Chauffeur in EU CarTALK 2000 FleetNet California Partners for Advanced Transmit and Highways (California PATH)

INDUSTRIAL R&D PROJECTS ON BEYOND 3G NETWORKS

     Major R&D funding for 3G and Beyond 3G Networks from EU-SPICE Project, Europe – Focus upon UMTS and Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) 3G technology SPICE Project – European effort in Telecoms research called Wireless World Initiative (WWI) Funding from EU’s Sixth Framework Programme for research Major Partner Industries (24) in EUROPE:  France Telecom-Orange      Alcatel-Lucent Nokia Siemens Networks Ericsson R&D Fraunhofer Institute NEC Europe Network R&D Labs, Germany Standardization by ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union) in association with 3GPP

3G IN INDIA

     CDMA2000 1xEVDO technology – Multiplexing technique operation for:   Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) – Time Division Duplexing Contrast to Wide-Band CDMA (WCDMA) – Frequency Division Duplexing 3G and 3G-ready service operators in India:    BSNL MNTL

Tata

Indicom (Tata Telecommunications – tie up with NTT-DoCoMo for deploying 3G infrastructure)  Reliance Tata’s role in 3G services – Tata Photon Plus : High-speed mobile broadband CDMA2000 1xEVDO USB device for high speed data packet access/transfer upto 3.1 Mbps (Reliance NetConnect Plus is a competitor) TCS Innovation Labs – Convergence: R&D in UMTS, WiFi, IMS, WiMAX, NGN

PUBLICATIONS AND HONOURS

• • PUBLICATION – A.Benslimane, T.Taleb, S.Rajarajan, « Dynamic Clustering-Based Adaptive Mobile Gateway Management in integrated VANET-3G Heterogeneous Wireless Networks » ,

IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication (JSAC) – Special Issue on Vehicular Communication Networks

, Submitted on 5 th Jan 2010 HONOURS FROM THE INTERNSHIP: – Requested by IEEE JSAC editorial committee to be a reviewer for the journal, in the area of Next Generation Vehicular Communication Networks. Indication from IEEE JSAC that the committee believes our paper as an expertise research work in our domain, after skimming through the paper. A big honour at B.Tech level, at the age of 21, having mentioned my designation as a student ( Accepted the honour) – Secured a bi-monthly internship stipend of € 2400 Euros sanctioned by EGIDE Group of Institutions,

Government of France

.

– Encouraged by one of the session chairs of IEEE GLOBECOM 2010 to submit the conference version of the research to have it published in IEEE GLOBECOM, Hawaii, Dec 2010. Prof. Benslimane has asked me to present the research work in GLOBECOM on behalf of our research team (-Awaiting till March for official confirmation of the invited publication) – Proposal by Dr. Tania Jimenez, Co-Author of the book – NS2 for Beginners, to co-author a few chapters on the latest MIRACLE, UMTS and WAVE patches and simulation scripts of NS2 due to my knowledge and experience on them (-Shelved the offer due to time constraints)

FUTURE RESEARCH INTERESTS AND PROPOSALS

 Incorporating risk-aware collision avoidance in our envisioned dynamic clustering-based Adaptive Mobile Gateway Management in integrated VANET-UMTS Heterogeneous Wireless Networks  Extending our architecture and methodologies to support 4G Long Term Evolution LTE and enable Quality of Service by DiffServ (Differentiating services by varying priority of the metrics considered in our current architecture)  Optimization of Next-Generation Access Networks (Multi-hop B3G, 4G LTE, WiMax) with IP Multimedia Subsystems (IMS) (-Dream Research)

QUERIES??

THANK YOU