Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality

Transcript Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality

Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality

Sumiyo Nishiguchi Stony Brook University [email protected]

http://homepage3.nifty.com/sumiyo_nishiguchi/

April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 1

Proposal

• Both overt and covert factive emotives license bipolar items in their nonmonotonic scope -Explicit emotives in Dutch, Serbo-Croatian and Hungarian -Implicit emotives in Japanese, Korean and Chinese 2 April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality

Proposal

Bipolar Items:

`also/even’ (Japanese)

to ye

`also’ `also’ (Korean) (Mandarin)

is `

also/even

’

-series (Hungarian) (Szabolcsi pc)

i `

also/even

’

-series (Serbo-Croatian)

ooit

`ever’ (Dutch) (van der Wouden 1997) April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 3

• •

Proposal

• PRED emotive [ CP …BPI…] (+/- PRED emotive )[ CP …BPI…] (Japanese, Korean, Mandarin) +/- PRED emotive [ CP …BPI…] (Serbo-Croatian) -PRED emotive [ CP …BPI…] (Dutch, Hungarian) (BPI: Bipolar Items) April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 4

Proposal

• BPIs (Bipolar Items) must be licensed in: -Monotone decreasing or anti-additive scope -embedded clause of negative predicate S (van der Wouden 1997) -nonmonotonic (implicit) emotive predicates • BPIs raise at LF April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 5

Bipolar Items show:

(van der Wouden 1997) Combined features of NPI and PPI: • Licensed in anti-additive or monotone decreasing environments - medium NPI-hood • Anti-licensed by clausemate negation (antimorphic) - weak PPI-hood April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 6

Monotone decreasingness

If X  Y, then f(Y)  f(X) (f: monotone decreasing function)

Few

↓

(1) Few Romanians dance or sing.

-> Few Romanians dance.

7 April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality

Anti-additivity

• f(X U Y) = f(X) ∩ f(Y) (f: anti-additive function)

Nobody

AA : (Zwarts 1993) (2) Nobody danced or sang.

 Nobody danced and nobody sang.

8 April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality

Antimorphic

• f(X ∩Y)=f(X) U f(Y) • f(X U Y)=f(X) ∩ f(Y)

Not

AM : (3) Mary does not sing or dance.

 Mary does not sing and Mary does not dance.

April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 9

Bipolar items in Dutch, Serbo Croatian and Hungarian

 Dutch

ooit

‘ever‘   Serbo-Croatian

-series `also/even' Hungarian

series `also/even’ These items demonstrate: 1.

NPI

-hood licensed in medium and weak negative environments 2.

PPI

-hood anti-licensed by strong clausemate negation (van der Wouden 1997; Progovac 1994; Szabolcsi pc.) April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality

Dutch

ooit

`ever’

(4) (Anti-additive)

Geen

van de kinderen gaat

ooit

bij oma op bezoek.

none

of the children goes ever with granny on visit `

None of

the children ever visits granny' (5) (Antimorphic) *Een van de kinderen gaat

niet ooit

bij oma op bezoek. One of the children goes

not

ever with granny on visit (van der Wouden 1997: 132) April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 11

Nonmonotonic negative factive emotives

(6) Ik betreur (het) dat ik dat

ooit

gedaen heb.

I regret it that I that ever done have `I

regret

of what I have ever done‘ (den Dikken p.c.) 12 April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality

Serbo-Croatian

i

-NPIs

i

(also/even)+indeterminates

• No clausemate negation (7) *Milan

ikada

ne vozi.

Milan ever not drives (Progovac 1994:42-43) • Acceptable with clausemate

few

(monotone decreasing) 13 April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality

Extra-clausal negation is necessary

(8) a.Milan

tvrdi da Marija

ikada

vozi.

Milan not claims that Mary ever drives `Milan does not claim that Mary ever drives‘ b.*Milan tvrdi da Marija

ikada

vozi.

Milan claims that Mary ever drives April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity (Progovac 1994:42-43) Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 14

Adversative predicates license Serbo-Croatian

i

-series:

(9) Sumnja-m da Milan voli i(t)ko ga/*ni(t)ko-ga.

doubt-1SG that Milan loves anyone-ACC / no one-ACC `I

doubt

that Milan loves anyone‘ (Progovac 1994: 64) 15 April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality

Positive emotive licenses

i

-series

(10) Sretan sam da Milan

(t)ko-ga voli. happy be.1SG that Milan anyone-ACC loves `I am

happy

that Milan loves anyone' April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 16

Hungarian indefinite pronouns someone/something+

is

`and/even’

(11)*

Nem

értettél valamit

not understood-you something also/even (abból, amit mondtam).

(of what I said) `You didn’t understand anything’ (12)

Nem

hiszem, hogy valamit

értettél Not think-I that something also/even understood-you (of what I said) (abból, amit mondtam).

`I don’t think that you understood anything’ (Szabolcsi p.c.) April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 17

Monotone decreasing scope accommodates

valamit is

`something’

(13)Kevés ember értett valamit

amit mondtam).

(abból,

Few

people understood something also/even (of what I said) `Few people understood anything’ April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 18

Negative emotives license

is

-series

(14) Sajn álom, hogy valamit

adtam neki.

regret-I that something-Acc also/even gave-I to-him `I

regret

that I gave him anything' (15) ?Baj, hogy valamit

adtam neki.

trouble that something-Acc also/even gave-I to-him 'It is a

problem

that I gave him anything‘ (Szabolcsi p.c.) April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 19

No positive emotives

(16)*be happy [ CP …valamit is…] (17) *be glad [ CP …valamit is…] (18) *want [ CP …valamit is…] (19) *be surprised [ CP …valamit is…] April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 20

Interim summary

• NEG/+-EMOTIVE[ CP …i…] • NEG/-EMOTIVE[ CP …ooit/is…] • [MON↓…ooit/i/is…] • [ANTI-ADDITIVE…ooit/i/is…] April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 21

BPIs licensed by implicit nonmonotonic emotives

 Japanese  Korean  Mandarin April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 22

Japanese

`also/even’:

i) usually requires explicit antecedent (20) John-ga ki-te, Tom-mo ki-ta John-NOM come-CON Tom-also come-PAST `John came and Tom also came’ ii) forms the

any

-type strong NPI/ negative concord item (Watanabe 2003) when it attaches to

words (Nam 1994) iii) appears discourse initially out of the blue takes wide scope over a proposition triggers presupposed implicit events (Numata 2000).

April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 23

Claim:

• I argue that

Mo 3

is a bipolar item licensed by speaker‘s sentimental emotion which is indispensable.

April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 24

Discourse initial

`also/even’

(21) Haru-

takenawa-ni nari-mashi-ta.

spring-also peak-Goal become-HON-PAST `The spring has reached its peak’

(also/even) evokes other events that make the speaker feel the change of season (Numata 2000) April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 25

Discourse initial

(22) Yo-

hukete-ki-ta. Mo neru-to shi-yo.

night-also late-become-Past already sleep-Comp do will `It grew late (at night). It's time to go to bed' (modified from Sadanobu 1997) (23) Ko-no saifu-

furuku-nat-t-a.

this-Gen wallet-also old-become-Past-be `This wallet has become old' April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 26

(24) Mari-

kashiko-i.

Mari-also smart-be `Mary is smart indeed' (25) Soto-

hiete-ki-ta.

outside-mo cold-come-PAST `It has become cold outside' April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 27

(26) Omae-

aho-ya-na.

you-mo silly-be-EXC `You are silly, I should say' (27) Tabi-

owari-ni chikazuite-ki-ta.

trip-mo end-to approach-come-PAST `The trip is nearing the end' April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 28

Wide scope taking at LF

(28) Mo [ yo- huke-ta] also night grow-PAST • •

: quantificational element (Kuroda 1969) •

evokes the

kind

of events relevant to the change of season

quantifies over events April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 29

LF: weird movement

CP mo CP TP C DP T’ night vP T v’ VP v grow April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 30

Intervention effect by clausemate negation

(29) *Yo-

sue-ja-

nai

world-mo end-be-NEG `This is not the end of the world' April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 31

Extra-clausal negation is better

(30) Yo-

huke-ta -to -iu-koto-wa n

world-also grow-PAST-COMP-say-fact-TOP NEG `It is not the case that it grew late' (31) Ko-no kaban-

mo nai

huruku-nat-ta-to-iu-koto-wa this-Gen bag-also old-become-PAST-say-fact- TOP NEG `It is not that this bag became old' April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 32

Mo

licensed in monotone decreasing scope

(32)

Seizei 5

-nin-no gakusei-mo tsukare-ta.

at most 5-CL-GEN student-also tired-PAST `At most five students became tired' April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 33

Mo

sentences are embedded under implicit emotives

(33) (Unfortunately,) Yo-

huke-ta.

night-also get late-PAST `(Unfortunately,) it grew late' (34) Fortunately,) Haru-

takenawa-ni nari mashi-ta.

spring-also peak-GOAL become-HON-PAST `(I'm glad that) the spring reached its peak' April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 34

Covert negative/sentimental emotives are always there

(35) (Zannenna-koto-ni) yo-

regretful-fact-Goal night-also hukete-ki-ta. late-become-Past Mo neru-to already sleep-Comp shi-yo.

do-will `

(I am sorry)

to bed' it grew late (at night). It's time to go (36) (

Shimijimi

-to) ko-no saifu-

furuku-nat-t-a.

heartful-and this-Gen wallet-also old-become-Past-be

(Sentimentally)

`This wallet has become old' April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 35

Implicit emotives are indispensable

(37) *(Sentimentally/Negatively,) Omae-

aho-ya-na.

you-also silly-be-EXC `You are silly, I should say' April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 36

Positive emotives are licensers

Not only negative but positive emotive licenses this

(also): (38) (Ureshii-koto-ni) haru-

takenawa-ni nari-mashi-ta.

(happy-fact-Goal) spring-also peak-GOAL become-then & happy `(

I'm glad that

) the spring has reached its peak' April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 37

Overt emotive can be licensers

(39) Shikuramen-

karete-ki-te

kanashii

cyclamen-also Mo wither-come-CON sad haru-da.

already spring-be `I’m sad that the cyclamens have withered. It is already spring' 38 April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality

(40) Shogo-

shakaijin-ni nat-te

ureshii

Shogo-also adult-GOAL become-CON happy `I’m glad Shogo has gone out into the world’ April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 39

Korean

to

`also/even’ sentence focus

(41) Pom-

wat-ta.

spring also come-PAST `Spring came’ (42) #Pom-

ochi-an-at-ta. spring also come-NEG-PAST-DECL (wide scope reading) April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 40

Chinese

y ě

`also’

(43) Qiutian

lai-le. fall also come-PERF `Fall came, too.’ (44) #Qiutian

ye bu

lai-le.

fall also NEG come-PERF `Fall has not come’ (45) Ling Ling bu lai-le. Shu

ye bu

lai-le.

Ling Ling NEG come-PERF Shu also NEG come-PERF `Ling Ling did not come. Shu did not come, either’ (additive

) April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 41

Downward entailment environment

(46) Zhangsan zuiduo

zhi neng he Zhangsan at most also only can drink san bei jiu. three glass liquor 'Zhangsan can drink at most three glasses of liquor (it's a pity).' (Monotone decreasing) 42 April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality

No overt positive emotives

(47)??Wo hen

kaoxing

qiutian

lai-le.

I very happy fall also come-PERF `I am glad that fall also came’ (48)#Wo hen

kaoxing

qiutian

hui lai.

I very happy fall also will come `I am glad that fall will also come’ (49)#Wo

bu kaoxing

qiutian

hui lai.

I NEG happy fall `I’m not happy that fall will come’ also will come April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 43

Overt negative emotives can be licensers

(50) #Kexi qiutian

lai-le.

sorry/

regretably

fall also come-PERF `I’m sorry that fall has come’ (51) Kexi qiutian (52)

Bu ye

likai-le.

sorry

fall also leave-PERF `I’m sorry that fall is gone’ keqi quitian ye lai-le.

NEG sorry fall also come-PERF April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 44

The distribution of BPIs

• (+-EMOTIVE)[ CP …mo/to/ye…] • NEG/+-EMOTIVE[ CP …mo/i/…] • NEG/-EMOTIVE[ CP …ooit/is/ye…] • [MON↓…ooit/i/is/mo/to/ye…] • [ANTI-ADDITIVE…ooit/i/is…] April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 45

NPI rescues BPI

(53) #Haru-mo ko-nai.

spring also come-NEG `Spring does not come’ (54) Haru-

mo mada

ko-

nai

spring-also yet come-NEG `Spring does not come yet’ April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 46

(55) Ko-no this-GEN saihu-mo #(zenzen/amari) wallet-also tsukawa-nakat-ta.

at all/much use-NEG-PAST `I did not used this wallet at all/much' April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 47

Bipolar items escape from factive/veridical scope

MODAL > CP CP TP C [factive] DP NP < mo > T’ yo `night’ vP v’ T VP v April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 48

When under negation

NEG P NEG [wN ∏mN∏sN] // mo [wP ∏ wN ∏mN∏sN] CP CP TP yo T’ vP v’ VP v T C[-factive] April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 49

BPI movement and comparative morpheme

-er

• -

raises alone von Stechow (1984) Heim (2000) Beck et al. (2003) April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 50

Emotives are Nonmonotonic

(56) I’m sorry Jim bought a car.

<-/-> I’m sorry Jim bought a Honda.

• Asher (1987) • Heim (1992) • von Fintel (1999) April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 51

Bernardi (2002)

Strong NPI/Antimorphic Even/Anti-multiplicative Medium NPI/Anti additive Weak NPI/Monotone decreasing April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 52

Feature checking between BPIs and the licensers

• BIPOLAR/NONMONOTONIC • BIPOLAR/weak negation • BIPOLAR/medium negation • BIPOLAR= wP ∏ wN ∏ mN ∏ sN • Weak PPI=wP • Weak NPI=wN April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 53

• Nonmonotonic= wP∏wN • Weak negation=wN • Medium negation=wN ∏mN • Strong negation=wN ∏mN ∏sN (cf. Carpenter 1993, typed feature inheritance) April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 54

Why only licensed by extra-clausal negation/emotives?

• Feature checking between MODAL/NEG and BPI • Semantic reason: sentence focus April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 55

Why BPIs are anti-licensed by strong negation?

• BPIs cannot scope over strong negation – *BPI>strong negation – Strong negation>BPI April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 56

Why do we use bipolar items?

NPIs  Strengthening effect (Jespersen 1917)  Domain widening (Kadmon and Landman 1993) Bipolar items  Strengthening effect  Expressing emotions April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 57

Conclusion

• Bipolar items are licensed by – Extra-clausal negation – Extra-clausal overt/covert emotives – Weak or medium negation April 15, 2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality 58