Transcript Growth and Financing of Higher Education in India

National University of Educational
Planning & Administration (NUEPA)
Education, Equality and Social Justice:
An Indian Scenario
Prof. Ved Prakash
Vice-Chancellor
April 24, 2008 at Brazil
[email protected]
India: Unity in Diversity
• India – largest democracy – multi-cultural, multi-lingual
and multi-religious
• Accommodates 16.7% of the world population in 2.4%
of the world surface area
• Second most populous with 1.28 billion people
• 200 spoken languages – 22 scheduled languages
• Stratified society with social inequalities
• SCs, STs and Minorities constitute 37% population
Constitutional Provisions
• Social justice and Equality– cardinal principles of the
Indian democratic system
• Constitution upholds the principle of equality before law
and also provides for affirmative discriminatory action
in favor of disadvantaged
• Compensatory discrimination-an Indian version of
affirmative action
• Special provisions for the advancement of SCs and STs
and OBCs under Articles 15, 16, etc.
Contd…
 The 86th Amendment to the Constitution inserting
Article 21-A Making elementary education a
fundamental right will have positive impact on
education of SCs, STs, OBCs and Women
 NPE, 1968 aimed at correcting regional imbalances and
inter-group disparities in education
• NPE, 1986/1992 emphasises the removal of disparities
and equalization of educational opportunities
• Both the Policies suggest interventions to meet the
educational needs of SCs, STs, minorities and women
Protective Measures for Inclusivity
• Kelkar and Mandal Commission suggested for providing
special benefits to OBCs
• Ministry of Minority Affairs – Created in 2004
• National Commission for Minority Education in 2004
• National Monitoring Committee for Minorities
Education (NMCME) in 2004
• Standing Committee of NMCME in 2004
• Rajindar Sachar Committee, 2005
Population of India in 2001
and Literacy (1961-2001)
70
1
7.
36
42
81
13
8432
6240
60
SC
50
7776
4838
8
Total
40
(%)
1666
3570
0
ST
Others
SC
ST
Muslims
30
20
10
0
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
Growth of Educational Institutions
900
800
700
Primary
Upper Primary
600
Thousands
High/Higher S econdary
500
400
300
200
100
0
1950-51
1960-61
1970-71
1980-81
1990-91
2000-2001
2004-05
2005-06
Growth of Educational Institutions at Higher Level
Universities
Colleges
450
25000
400
20000
350
300
15000
250
200
10000
150
100
5000
50
0
0
1950-51 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000- 2004-05 2005-06
2001
1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- 2000- 2004- 200551
61
71
81
91
2001
05
06
Gross Enrolment Ratio at School Education by
Gender and Social Group
GER Upper Primary
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
Primary-Total
Priamry-SC
Primary-ST
Upper Primary-All
Upper Primary SC
Upper Primary ST
1995-96
2000-01
GER at Secondary in 2005-06
2005-06
0.8
0.88
0.8
0.
75
1
0.73
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.
82
Gender Parity
0.61
0.5
9
%
2004-05
2005-06
0.
94
2004-05
0.81
0.7
9
2000-01
0.
9
1995-96
0.75
0.7
3
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
0.
82
%
GER Primary
0.6
Primary
Upper Primary
High/Higher Secondary
0.4
0.2
Girls
Boys
SCs
STs
Average
0
1990-91
1995-96
2000-01
2004-05
2005-06
Measure of Social Parity, 2006
Measure of Social Parity, 2005-06
1.40
SC
1.16
1.20
ST
1.08
1.03
1.13
1.07
1.01
1.00
0.91
0.80
0.71
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Primay
Upper Primary
Elementary
Secondary
GER in Higher Education
Gender Parity
GER (%) Higher Education
0.80
16
0.72
13.6
14
2004-05
11.6
11.6
10.0
9.2
9.4
7.7
0.60
0.55 0.55
2005-06
10.6
10
0.69
0.64 0.63
2003-04
12
8
0.71
0.70
0.50
2003-04
8.4
8.2
2004-05
0.40
6.7
2005-06
6.6
0.30
6
4.9
4
0.20
2
0.10
0
0.00
Girls
Boys
SC
ST
Total
ALL
SC
ST
Policy Interventions at Elementary Level
• Special interventions for SCs & STs under SSA:
– supply of free text books and uniforms
– remedial classes for improving the learning
competency
– development of instructional material in local dialect
for STs
– training of teachers at BRCs and CRCs on tribal
pedagogy
– child tracking
Contd…
• Interventions for Girls:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Free text books to all girls up to class VIII
Separate toilet for girls
Back to school camps for out-of-school girls
Bridge courses for older girls
Recruitment of 50% women teachers
ECCE centers in schools/convergences with ICDS
programme
– Gender-sensitive teaching-learning materials including
textbooks
– Intensive community mobilization efforts
Contd…
– Innovation fund per district for need based interventions
for ensuring girls’ attendance and retention
– National Programmes for Education of Girls at
Elementary Level (NPEGEL)
– Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV)
Policy Interventions at Secondary Level
• Remedial and special coaching for SCs and STs in
classes IX-XII
• 15% seats are reserved for SCs and 7.5% for STs in
KVS, and no tuition fee
• Many states provide free uniforms, textbooks and
bicycles to all SC and ST girl students
• In residential schools like Ashram schools & Jawahar
Navodya Vidyalayas seats are reserved for SCs and STs
in proportion to their population in the district
• Provision for 6000 high quality model schools at block
level
• Up-gradation of 15000 existing primary schools to
secondary schools
Contd…
• Expansion of KVS and JNVs
• More hostels for girls, SCs and STs and OBCs
• Establishment of girls secondary schools at block
headquarters and in towns with more than 10,000
population
• Intensive use of ICT, etc.
Policy Interventions at Higher Education Level
• 15% reservation for SCs and 7.5% for STs is mandatory
in all public funded institutions
• 27% reservation to OBCs in all centrally funded
institutions of higher learning
• Relaxation in the minimum qualifying marks
• Free coaching for SCs & STs for entry into services and
other competitive exams
• Free remedial coaching for SCs & STs to enable them to
upgrade their merit
• Seats are reserved in hostels for disadvantaged
Contd…
• Scholarship for SCs & STs who get into notified
institutions to meet the requirements for full tuition fees,
living expenses, books and stationery
• ‘Book Bank Scheme’ for SCs & STs pursuing
professional courses
• Students with disabilities amongst SCs and STs are also
provided specified special allowances like readers
allowance, transport allowance, escort allowance etc.
• 17 overseas scholarships – each year to the meritorious
SC and ST students for pursuing higher studies abroad
Contd…
• Government proposes to establish 370 new colleges in
districts with GER less than national average
• 14 world class universities and 16 Central Universities in
hitherto uncovered states
• Increased support to institutions with large percentage
of SC, ST, OBC, girls and minority population
• To build more hostels for the students belonging to
underprivileged sections of the society
Major Challenges at Elementary Level
• Wide gap between supply and demand because of large
number of students and vastness of the country
• Bringing all children into the fold of elementary schooling
• Increasing the internal efficiency of schools
• Increasing the intake capacity of existing institutions
• Setting up of new institutions
• Ensuring competent and qualified teacher in each
classroom
• Reinventing curriculum
• Introduction of appropriate pedagogy
• Implementation of continuous and comprehensive
evaluation
Contd…
• Increasing the number of learners with increased
learning
• Improving the transition rate from lower primary to
upper primary
• Creating equal opportunities for accessing elementary
schooling
• Bridging gender and social gaps
• Reducing dropout rates
• Providing research based interventions in backward
areas
• Mobilization of public resources, etc.
Major Challenges at Secondary Level
• Increasing access besides creating equal opportunities
in backward areas
• Up-gradation and rationalization of infrastructure and
teaching learning facilities in existing institutions
• School mapping to ensure requirements of existing
schools and opening of new institutions
• Teacher preparation
• Meeting additional teacher requirements
• Professional development of teachers
• Equity concerns with regard to gender, social groups
and minority communities
Contd…
• Special interventions in terms of differential treatment
to ensure both participation and success of one and all
• Up-gradation and diversification of curriculum to make
it more relevant in today’s context
• Integration of ICT in all public institutions
• Expansion of open and distance learning facilities
• Building district and sub-district data base
Major Challenges at Higher Education Level
• Increasing access ratio to a minimum threshold of 20%
• Optimizing the existing institutions
• Creating new facilities in backward areas to make
higher education more inclusive
• Ensure larger participation of SC, ST, Women and
minority students in progressive disciplines
• Capping the tuition fees to protect the interest of
underprivileged class
• Increase in public funding
• Appropriate regulations to contain the menace of
commercialization
Contd…
• Ensuring co-existence of both public and private systems
• Regulation of Distance Education in terms of its quality
and cost
• Promotion of research and its integration with teaching
• Industry-academia collaboration
• Successful implementation of affirmative actions for the
promotion of deprived sections
• Autonomy and Accountability
• Periodic assessment and accreditation of institutions
• Development of Educational Management Information
System
ICT Development in Education in India
• ICT-Key leveraging factor in national development
• Manifold increase in the number of institutions
providing IT education
• IT enabled services made significant impact on Indian
economy
• IT sector accounts for 4.1% of the national GDP
• National e-governance plan, SWAN & CSCs
• CICs to address the needs of disadvantaged groups
• Multilingual ICT infrastructure
• 44 Software Technology parks
• Current base of internet subscribers iss 4.2 million
ICT contd..
• Use of IT for exam results, election results, land
records, registration, etc
• 23 million subscribers for mobile handset
• Vision 2010 with zero duty regime
• Vidya Vahini and Gyan Vahini for education & training
• Multimedia distance education
• Free software for government schools
• INSAT- used for Education Television Services (ETS)
• EMIS of 1.2 million elementary schools by NUEPA
Summing Up
• Civil societies are obliged to support all humans for
fullest development
• Wise affirmative action policy on the grounds of social
justice
• Excellence is the outcome of diversity
• Quality without social justice is meaningless
• Improving access and success be complemented with
systemic responses to improve the quality of output
indicators
Contd…
• Possible interventions for developing the concept of
knowledge to include new areas of knowledge and
experience
• Social context must be addressed both in its design and
implementation
• Cardinal principle of promoting equality is not to
provide for equal opportunity to all in terms of access
but also in the condition for success