Transcript Early Childhood Research Institute: Measuring Growth and

Growth Indicators for Infants and
Toddlers
Charles R. Greenwood, Ph.D.
Juniper Gardens Children’s Project
University of Kansas
DEC, Boston, December, 2001
Rationale
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Assessment that early interventionists
can use:
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To identify early
To monitor growth and progress
To make intervention decisions
Unique Features
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Appropriate for infants/toddlers
Economical to employ
Efficient to learn to use
Repeatable
Directly represents rate of growth
Sensitive to age and interventions
Completed or Nearly Completed
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Expressive Communication
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Luze et al., School Psychology Review,
2001, 30(3), 383-406.
Greenwood et al., Best Practices in School
Psychology (Vol. IV), in press, NASP
Social Interaction
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In preparation
Infant/Toddler Expressive
Communication
General Outcome: The child uses gestures, sounds, words, or
sentences to convey wants and needs or to express meaning to
others.
Constructs: Prelinguistic
Communication
Linguistic
Communication
Key Skill:
Single
Elements: Gestures Vocalizations Words
Multiple
Words
Time to Bench
Mark:
0-------6-------12-------18-------24-------30-------36
Months of Age
Infant/Toddler GOM Summary
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Expressive Communication
Social Interaction
Movement
Problem Solving
Self Help
Today’s Topics
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Movement (Gross Motor)
Problem Solving (Cognitive)
Infant/Toddler Movement
General Outcome: The child moves in a fluent and coordinated
manner to play and participate in home, school, and community
settings.
Constructs: Transitional
Movements
Locomotion
Object
Control
Key Skill: Change in
Roll/
Elements: Position Grounded Vertical Throw
Trap/
Catch
Time to Bench
Mark: 0-------6-------12-------18-------24-------30-------36-----Months of Age
Movement Sample
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39 Children:
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Gender
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Race
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33 African American (84.6%)
2 Hispanic/Latino (5.1%)
2 mixed races (5.1%)
2 European-American (5.1%)
Disability
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17 (43.6%) male
22 (56.4%) female
5 with IFSP’s
2 Child care centers serving teen moms
Study Design
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Nine repeated GOM measurements
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Criterion Tests (Beginning & Ending)
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(each 3 weeks apart)
Peabody Developmental Motor Scales 2
Caregiver Movement Report (Researcher
Developed)
GOM growth curve modeling (Bryk &
Raudenbusch, 1992)
GOM
Movement Assessment Protocol
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Common Toy Set:
Testing Play-Like
But Standarized
Situations
Assessor's Behavior
Observational
Recording Form
Sensitivity to Growth
9
9
Transition
Cohort 1 (0 -12)
Grounded Locomotion
8
Cohort 2 (13-24)
8
Vertical Locmotion
7
Catch/Tramp
6
Rate Per Minute
7
5
4
5
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
9
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
6
7
8
9
Test Occasion
Test Occasion
9
Cohort 3 (25-36)
8
Key Skill Elements
7
6
Rate Per Minute
Rate Per Minute
6
Throw/Roll
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Test Occasions
Sensitivity to Growth
Total Movement Rate = (Change in Position +
Grounded + Vertical Locomotion + Roll & Throw + Trap &
Catch)/Time Observed)
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Growth by Age Cohort
1.
2.
3.
0-12, intercept = 5.26, slope = 0.65
13-24, intercept = 9.95, slope = 0.35
25-36+, intercept = 14.65, slope = 0.05
Rate of Growth Across 9 Measurement Occasions for
Three Age Cohorts (Each Occasion = 3 Weeks)
15
Cohort 1
Cohort 2
Cohort 3
Total Movement Rate
12
9
6
3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Measurement Occasion
7
8
9
-5.0
Age at Measurement
42.00
40.00
38.00
36.00
34.00
32.00
30.00
28.00
26.00
24.00
22.00
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
Total Movement Rate
Total Movement Rate Growth Curve Over Age
at Measurement
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
Curve
5.0
0.0
Individual Children’s Growth Trajectories
Curve
25
TMRT123
TMRT125
TMRT126
TMRT127
20
TMRT128
TMRT131
15
TMRT133
TMRT135
TMRT136
TMRT138
10
TMRT139
TMRT140
TMRT141
5
TMRT338
TMRT339
TMRT340
TMRT341
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
0
4
Total Movement Rate
TMRT130
TMRT342
TMRT344
TMRT345
-5
TMRT346
Age at Measurement
TMRT347
TMRT348
TMRT349
Children with
IFSP’s
25.0
20.0
Curve
TMRT127
TMRT130
TMRT136
10.0
TMRT347
TMRT125
TMRT135
TMRT344
5.0
Child with hydrocephaly
-5.0
Age at Measurement
42.00
40.00
38.00
36.00
34.00
32.00
30.00
28.00
26.00
24.00
22.00
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
0.0
4.00
Total Movement Rate
15.0
Technical Features
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GOM Odd/Even Reliability Correlations
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r = 0.88
M = 8.8 odd vs. M = 8.2 even movements/minute
GOM Alternate Toy Forms Reliability
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r = 0.85 (BB versus WH)
r = 0.84 (WH versus SC)
r = 0.91 (BB versus SC)
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Note: BB=Blocks & balls, WH = Window house, SC =
Shopping carat
Technical Features (Contin.)
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GOM Criterion Validity Correlations
Total Movement Rate vs.
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Peabody Locomotion Sub-Scale
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r (Mean Level [intercept]) =
0.903
r (Mean Slope [growth rate]) = -0.289
Parent/Caregiver Report Total Score
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r (Mean Level [intercept]) =
0.851
r (Mean Slope [growth rate]) = -0.177
Summary/Implications
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Infant/Toddler Movement GOM
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Considerable Progress
Reliable
Valid
Sensitive to Age
Limitations/Future Research
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Single, small sample
25-36+ age children at benchmark
Treatment validity yet to be investigated
Infant/Toddler Problem Solving
(Cognitive)
General Outcome: Child solves problems that require reasoning
about objects, concepts, situations, and people.
Construct: Visual
Exploration
Object
Exploration
Problem
Solving
Key Skill Looking Touch/Mouth/Manip. Toy Performs Persistence/
Elements:
Its Function Sustained/
Attention
Time to Bench
Mark:
0-------6--------12--------18--------24--------30--------36
Months of Age
Standard Toy Set
Shopping Cart
Window House
Blocks/Balls
Assessor's Behavior
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Clean Room/Set up toys-situation
Engage child in active play/movement
Recording Form
Child ID #:_________________
Test Date:_______________
Coder:________________
Wave:_________________
Adult Partner:_________________
Location:_________________
Form:
Movement
Minutes
(Data)
:00
(1)
1:00
(2)
2:00
(3)
3:00
(4)
Transitional
Movements
Reliability: Primary Coder Name: ___________________________
Grounded
Locomotion
Vertical
Locomotion
Throwing/
Rolling
Catching/
Trapping