Transcript Slide 1
INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE
PRESENTATION TO NSF PIRE Workshop Faculty
Affairs,
Karen Zentner Bacig, Ph.D.
Instructor, Humphrey School of Public
University of Minnesota
Founder & Consultant, Sabio Strategies
Washington, DC
April 24, 2013
GOAL FOR TODAY’S SESSION
Discuss culture and intercultural competence
Introduce Bennett’s Developmental Model of Intercultural
Sensitivity (DMIS) and Hammer’s Adaptation of DMIS –
Intercultural Competence Model (ICM)
Introduce measures of intercultural competence
Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI)
AAC&U rubric
Kozai Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES)
Explore Kozai Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES)
Discuss the development of intercultural competence –
What do we know from the research?
CULTURE
“…the way people think, feel,
and act…. ‘the collective programming
of the mind distinguishing the members of one
group or category of people from
another’….A simpler definition is
‘the unwritten rules of the social
game’.
Source: Geert Hofstede, http://geerthofstede.nl/culture.aspx
Image source: James Penstone, http://opengecko.com/interculturalism/visualising-theiceberg-model-of-culture/
SOME ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Orientation to people – Individualism vs.
Collectivism
Orientation to responsibility – Universalism vs.
Particularism
Orientation to time – Monochronic vs. Polychronic
Orientation to context – High vs. Low Context
Source: What’s Up With Culture?, http://www2.pacific.edu/sis/culture/
WHAT IS INTERCULTURAL
COMPETENCE?
DEFINITIONS
Set of cognitive, affective, and behavioral skills
and characteristics that support effective and
appropriate interaction in a variety of cultural
contexts. (Source: Bennett, J.M., 2008)
Ability to communicate effectively and
appropriately in intercultural situations based on
one’s intercultural knowledge, skills, and
attitudes.
(Source: Darla K. Deardorff. Based on first study to document
definition consensus among leading intercultural experts.)
WHAT IS INTERCULTURAL
COMPETENCE?
A Mind set
Knowledge
A Skill set
Abilities
A Heart set
Attitudes
Source: J. Bennett, 2006.
Developing intercultural competence:
Four levels of cultural awareness
Moving people from 1) unconscious
incompetence to 2) conscious
incompetence to 3) conscious
competence, and finally, to 4)
unconscious competence.
Source: http://www2.pacific.edu/sis/culture/pub/1.6.2_the_four_level_of_cul.htm, based on work by William Howell.
Cultural Awareness
Increasing cultural awareness leads to
an understanding of:
World
view – We each have one and they
are not all the same.
And the ability to engage in:
Perspective-taking
– Ability to see things
from other world views.
INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE –
Why does it matter?
When we encounter differences that make a
difference, the ability to see, experience,
and understand culture in increasingly
sophisticated and complex ways enhances
the effectiveness of our interactions and
our work together.
Bennett’s Developmental Model of
Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
“A framework for analyzing the potential response to cultural
difference...”
Underlying assumption: “…as one’s experience of cultural
difference becomes more complex and sophisticated, one’s
competence in intercultural relations increases.”
(Source: J. Bennett, 2004, p. 158)
Denial
Defense
Minimization
Acceptance
Adaptation
Integration
(not included in Hammer’s adapted model)
Hammer’s
Intercultural Competence Model (ICM)
Bridges Across
Difference
Deeply
Comprehends
Difference
De-emphasizes
Difference
Judges
Difference
Misses
Difference
Transition stage between
monocultural and
intercultural mindset
Source: Reproduced from the Intercultural Development Inventory Resource Guide by permission
of the author, Mitchell R. Hammer, Ph.D., IDI, LLC. Copyright 1998, 2003, 2007, 2012 Mitchell R.
Hammer, IDI, LLC. All Rights Reserved.
AAC&U VALUE Rubrics
Valid
Assessment of Learning in
Undergraduate Education (VALUE)
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rubrics developed by teams of faculty
experts as part of an Association of American
Colleges and Universities (AAC&U) initiative
Intercultural
knowledge and competence
rubric informed by Bennett’s (1993)
Developmental Model of Intercultural
Sensitivity (DMIS) and Deardorff’s
Intercultural Framework of Intercultural
Competence (2006).
Direct
measure of intercultural knowledge and
competence.
AAC&U Intercultural Knowledge and
Competence Rubric
Knowledge
Cultural self-awareness
Knowledge of cultural worldview frameworks
Skills
Empathy
Verbal and nonverbal communication
Attitudes
Curiosity
Openness
IES – AN INTRODUCTION
Used across education, government, business,
and nonprofit sectors
Derived from a larger instrument, the Global
Competencies Inventory (GCI)
Comparison group of thousands – variety of
educational levels, ages, industry sectors,
races/ethnicities, countries of origin, etc.
Measures competencies – how well a person
manages intercultural differences
Developed from expatriate and global
leadership literature
IES
The IES examines three factors, each consisting
of two competencies.
Continuous
Learning
Interpersonal
Engagement
Hardiness
Exploration
Global Mindset
Positive Regard
Self- Awareness
Relationship
Interest
Resilience
An Overall IES score is generated by combining
the scores of the six sub-dimensions.
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Source: Kozai Group
IES – Example Individual
Profile
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IES – TELLS US…?
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IDI and IES
One way to think about these assessments:
IDI can tell you where you are on your developmental
journey relative to how you experience difference
IES can tell you how you respond to difference - how
you will do on the journey
A few things we know about
developing intercultural competence
Cultural
knowledge does not necessarily lead to
competence.
Cultural contact does not necessarily lead to
competence.
Cultural contact may lead to reduction of
stereotypes.
Language learning may not be sufficient for
cultural learning.
Source: Kozai Group
Can intercultural competence be
taught?
YES!
Intentional and developmentally sequenced program
design.
Balancing challenge and support; anxiety reduction.
Facilitating learning before, during, and after
intercultural experiences.
Depth of intercultural experiences, language immersion.
Intercultural competence training.
Cultivating curiosity and cognitive flexibility.
Source: Kozai Group
Developing intercultural competence
Reflection – journals, discussions
Assessments – e.g., IDI, IES
Direct feedback – e.g., AAC&U VALUE rubric
Working in diverse teams
Opportunities for practice
Immersion experiences – “crucible” experiences
Intentional
opportunities throughout – before, during
and after – e.g., What’s Up With Culture website
Knowledge
– e.g., self, other cultures
SELECTED RESOURCES
Assessments
IES – http://kozaigroup.com/inventories/the-interculturaleffectiveness-scale/
IDI – www.idiinventory.com
AAC&U VALUE Rubrics –
http://www.aacu.org/value/rubrics/
Preparation for study abroad
What’s Up With Culture? website http://www2.pacific.edu/sis/culture/
THANK YOU!
Karen Zentner Bacig, Ph.D.
[email protected]