Transcript Electron-molecule collision cross sections for plasma

Summary of Electron Collision Data of
C-H &C-F Compound Molecules for Plasma Modeling
Review of Our Research Proposal
Hiroshi Tanaka
Department of Physics
Sophia University, Tokyo, JAPAN
3rd Research Co-ordination Meeting of the IAEA’s Co-ordinated Research
Program on” Atomic and Molecular Data for Plasma Modeling”
IAEA, Vienna, Austria 17-19 Nov. 2008
TITLES OF RESEARCH TOPIC
presented under the CRP, 2005-2008
2005-2006
Electron Collision Data of C-H Compound Molecules
for Plasma Modeling
2007
Electron Collision Data of C-H & C-F Compound Molecules
for Plasma Modeling
2008
Summary of Electron Collision Data of
C-H &C-F Compound Molecules for Plasma Modeling
Review of Our Research Proposal
Summary of WORK PLAN
proposed during the CRP
Year 1 (2005):
Evaluation and analysis of related data available in literature but
scattered in different places all over the world within the framework of
IAEA International Bulletin on Atomic and Molecular Data for Fusion.
Year 2 (2007):
Compilation and addition of new data from our group as well as from
other research groups to the database. In the same process, data from
our group will be systematically compiled for the more than 30
molecules studied so far for the collision processes: elastic, vibrational
and electronic excitations, and total cross sections.
Year 3 (2008):
Proposal of new directions for producing missing but necessary
experimental and theoretical data for these processes related to fusion.
Illustration of a variety of applications wherein cross-section data
involving atomic & molecular physical processes are important.
Gaseous
Nebulae
Solar
Corona
Stellar
Atoms.
Intersteller
Medium
Stellar
Photospheres
Stars
Cosmic X-ray Sources
High Energy Astrophysics
Gaseous Electronics
Planetary
Ionosphere,
X-ray
Atmospheres Excimer Laser
Laser
Particle Accelerator Technology
Combus.
MHD Gen.
Lamps
Arc
Heaters
Chemistry
Controlled
Fusion
Reverse Kinematics
Lepton Pairs
Fission
&
Fragments
Electron Capture
Nuclear
Explosions
-3 -2 -1
0
1
2 3 4 5
6 7
log10 Energy(eV .)
8
9
10 11 12 13
ITER (International Thermonuclear Reactor)
Electron Collision Cross Section Data Needs for
Carbon impurities (H/D-C molecules) produced by
physical and chemical sputtering
CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3 H8
Still difficult to measure the cross section of even
C2, CH, CH2, CH3, …….
Vibrationally (Hot) excited Molecules
H2 , D 2
A. Electron Collision Cross Section Database for Polyatomic
Molecules
B. Developing Electron Collision Cross Sections for
Polyatomic-Molecules
B.1 Electron Interactions with Excited Molecules
B.2. Recent Developments in Electron Collision Experiments
A. SUMMARY of ACTIVITIES for DATABASE (2005- 2008)
Data Compilations in Printed Form
1. Elastic Differential Cross Sections for Electron Collisions with
Polyatomic Molecules (NIFS report, 2008)
2. Cross Sections of Electron-induced Resonant Vibrational Excitations in
Polyatomic Molecules (NIFS report, submitted 2008)
3. Electron-impact Excitation Cross Sections of Electronic States in
Polyatomic Molecules (NIFS report, to be submitted, 2009)
Target Molecules:
H-C Molecules produced from the internal wall materials of fusion
chambers
H-C & C-F Molecules for plasma processing
Our Database compiled is restricted only to our own elastic DCS
IAEA & NIFS Report
(2007)
Elastic Differential Cross Sections for
Electron Collisions with Polyatomic Molecules
M. Hoshino1, H. Kato1, C. Makochekanwa1, 2, S.J. Buckman2, M. J. Brunger3,
H. Cho4, M. Kimura5, D. Kato6, I. Murakami6, T. Kato6, and H. Tanaka1
1Department
of Physics, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
for Antimatter-Matter Studies, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
3Center for Antimatter-Matter Studies, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
4Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
5Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
6National Institute of Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Japan
2Center
1 Introduction
2 Definition of Cross Sections
3 Experimental Techniques for Precision Measurement of Elastic DCS
4 Benchmark Cross Section for Elastic DCS
A. Fusion Plasma-Related Gases
B. Processing Plasma-Related Gases
C. Environmental Issues-Related Gases
5 Concluding Remarks
This work is supported partially by the IAEA, CUP, MEXT, and ARC
List of Molecules tabulated in this report
A. Fusion Plasma-Related Gases
CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C2H4, C3H6, isomers-C3H4
B. Processing Plasma-Related Gases
CF4, C2F6, C3F8, C3F6, cyclo-C4F8, C2F4, C6F6,
CH3F, CH2F2, CHF3 , CF3I
NF3, SF6
SiH4, Si2H6, GeH4.
C. Environmental Issues -Related Gases
CF3Cl, CF3Br
H2O, CO2, N2O
IAEA & NIFS Report (2008)
Cross Sections of Electron-induced
Resonant Vibrational Excitations in Polyatomic Molecules
H. Kato1, M. Hoshino1, H. Kawahara1, C. Makochekanwa1,2, S. J.Buckman2,
M.J. Brunger3, H. Cho4, M. Kimura5, D. Kato6, I. Murakami6, T. Kato6 and H. Tanaka1.
1Department
of Physics, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan.
2Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200,
Australia.
3Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
4Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
5Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
6National Institute of Fusion Science, Toki 590-5292, Japan.
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Techniques for Precision Measurement of EELS and Vibrational
Excitation Functions
3 Benchmark Cross Section for Vibrational Excitation
A. Fusion Plasma-Related Gases
B. Processing Plasma-Related Gases
C. Environmental Issues-Related Gases
5 Concluding Remarks
List of Molecules tabulated in this report
A. Fusion Plasma-Related Gases
CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C2H4, C3H6, isomers-C3H4
B. Processing Plasma-Related Gases
CF4, C2F6, C3F8, cyclo-C4F8, C2F4, C6F6, C3F6
CH3F, CH2F2, CHF3 , CF3I
NF3
SiH4, Si2H6, GeH4, SiF4
F2CO
C. Environmental Issues -Related Gases
CF3Cl, CF3Br, CF3I
CO2, N2O, CO, OCS, CS2
(CH3)2O, (CH3)2CO
C6H6, C6H5CH3, C6H5CF3, 1,1-C2H2F2
IAEA & NIFS Report (2008)
Electron-impact Excitation Cross Sections of
Electronic States in Polyatomic Molecules
-Application Examples of the BEB- scaling model in Optically-allowed TransitionsH. Kawahara1, H. Kato1,M. Hoshino1, M. C. Garcia1#, S. J. Buckman2, M. J.Brunger3,
H. Cho4, Yong-Ki Kim†, D. Kato5, I. Murakami5, T. Kato5, and H. Tanaka1
1Department
of Physics, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
for Antimatter-Matter Studies, Australian National University,
Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
3Center for Antimatter-Matter Studies, Flinders University,
Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
4Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,, Korea
5National Institute of Fusion Science, Toki 590-5292, Japan
2Center
1 Introduction
2 Overviews of the BEf-scaling method theory
3 Experimental Techniques for Precision Measurement of integral cross sections.
4 Benchmark Cross Section and BEf-scaling model for Optically allowed Electronic Excitation
5 Concluding Remarks
6 Acknowledgements
List of Molecules tabulated in this report
CO、H2、 CO2, H2O, ( N2, O2, N2O, CH4, C6H6 )
Concepts of Yong –ki Kim’s Theory
We use the BEf-scaling on Born


T
f accu


σ BEf (T)  
σ Born(T)


f
Born   (T  B  E)

where T = incident energy of the electrons,B = Binding energy, E = Excitation
Energy, faccu = accurate optical oscillator strength (OOS) value, fBorn = value of
the optical oscillator strength obtained from the same wavefunctions used to
calculate Born
CO (A1Π) J. Chem. Phys. 126 (2007) 064307-1-13,
H2 （ 1Bu and 1Cu） Phys. Rev. A (2008)
CO (C1Σ+ + c3Π, E1Π) Phys. Rev. A 77 (2008) 012713(1)-(7)
CO2 (1Σ+u , 1Πu ) J. Phys. B 41 (2008) 085203(1)-(6)
B. Developing Electron Collision Cross Sections for
Polyatomic-Molecules
Collision Processes to be investigated
Quantitative Differential Cross Section Measurements
1) Electron Energy-loss Spectroscopy (EELS):
Elastic Scattering DCS
Resonant Phenomena in Vibrational Excitation
Electronic Excitation Process, GOS
2) Quadra- Pole- Mass Spectroscopy (QMSS)
Non-radiative Dissociation Products
(Threshold Ionization Spectroscopy)
Dissociative Attachment Processes
3) Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) (not done since 2007)
Surface and Phase Transition
proposed at 1st RCP meeting
Collision Data for Molecules Electron Impact
investigated at Sophia University
CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C2H4, C3H4, C3H6
CF4, C2F6, C3F8, C2F4, c-C4F8, C6F6, C3F6
CF3H, CF2H2, CFH3, CH3I, CH3Br, CH3Cl
CF3Cl, CF3Br, CF3I
CF2Cl2, CFCl3, 1,1-C2F2H2
SiH4, Si2H6, SiF4, GeH4
NF3, C60, C6H6, C6H5CH3, C6H5CF3, (CH3)2CO
N2O, CO2, COS, H2O, CS2, XeF2, HCN
H2CO
CO, NO, H2, N2, He, Xe, Kr, O2
Vibratinally excited-CO2*, N2O*, CF3I*
Neutral Radical Detection- ionization threshold spectroscopy
Table 1. Ionization thresholds
e + CH4
CH3 + H + e
Parent
neutral
CH4+
CH3+
CH2+
CH+
C+
CH4
12.6
14.3
15.1
22.2
25
9.8
15.1
17.7
25
10.3
17.4
20.2
13.0
20.3
CH3
CH2
CH
e + CH3
CH3+ +2e
C
16.8
Total Cross Sections of CH3 radicals by Electron Impact
present work
CH4 photoab., Kameta et al.
CH4 neutral diss., Kameta et al.
CH4 photoab., Au et al.
2
1.5
Cross sections (10 cm )
1.0
-16
-16
Absolute cross section (10
cm2 )
from Higher electronic excitation states in CH4
0.5
0.5
0.0
4s Rydberg
Jahn-Teller
5
6
7
8
9 10 11
Impact energy (eV)
12
13
0.0
Negative ion formations from CH4 by electron impact
CH4 + e  CH4-  CH3- + H
CH2- + H2
CH- + H2 + H
C- + 2H2
?
gas phase or surface
and
and
and
and
: Total
:C
: CH
: CH2
and
: CH3
-
Intensity (arb. units)
CH4
TOF data is few eV higher
(Krishnakumar)
8
10
12
Impact energy (eV)
14
16
(a) CH4
14
(b) SiH4
31
E0 = 11.5 eV
E0 = 8.5 eV
O
13
-
OH
-
29
Intensity (arb. units)
Intensity (arb. units)
30
-
Cl
28
12
11
CN
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
75
E0 = 7.5 eV
73
Intensity (arb. units)
74
76 77
72
71
70
-
Cl
34
36
78
70
72
74
76
78
Mass Number (amu)
33
28
30
32
34
Mass Number (amu)
Mass Number (amu)
(c) GeH4
26
32
-
79
80
82
36
38
SiH4 + e 
Negative Ion Formation from SiH4
Total
SiH3SiH2SiHSi-
E0 = 8.5 eV
30
Intensity (arb. units)
29
Intensity (arb. units)
SiH4
SiH4
31
SiH3SiH2SiHSi-
Cl
-
28
32
-
CN
26
33
28
30
32
34
Mass Number (amu)
36
38
7
8
9
10
Impact energy (eV)
11
12
B.1 Electron Interactions with
Vibrationally -Excited (hot) Molecule
Electron impact total cross section from
vibrationally excited CO2
Electron impact DCS cross section from
vibrationally excited CO2
CO2* (v≠0) + e
Impact Energy 3.5 eV
scattering angle 90 deg
Temperature
300K
700K
(000)
Mo
μ metal
Cu pipe
mesh
Intensity (arb. units)
34mm
(010)
(020)
(030) (040)
(100)
Heater
Thermocouple
Geometry of the heating nozzle
(200)
(001)
superelastic
(120)
(110)
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Energy Loss (eV)
H. Kato et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. accepted.
0.4
2Π
u
 P000 (T1 )

 P000 (T2 )
 P (T )
 000 3
shape resonance
0.25
P010 (T1 ) 
(T ) 
σ
  σ 01   bend 1 
   σ bend (T2 ) 
P010 (T2 )   
σ 12  



P010 (T3 ) 
 σ bend (T3 ) 
0.25
angle 90 deg
(010)
present work
Register et al.
Antoni et al.
(010)* (020)(100)
present work
0.15
2
DCS (10 cm /sr)
0.10
-16
-16
2
0.15
o
(000)
0.20
Bending
300K
550K
750K
superElastic
300K
550K
750K
0.20
DCS (10 cm /sr)
(a) angle=90
0.10
0.05
0.00
(010)* (000)
present work
(020)*(100)* (010)*
present work
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.00
1
0.00
1
2
3
4
5
6
Impact Energy (eV)
7
8
9
2
3
4
5
6
Impact Energy (eV)
7
8
9
B.2 Recent Developments in Electron Collision Experiments
New electron energy loss spectrometer (EELS ll)
Nozzle
filament
Analyzer
Monochromator
Elastic DCS of CH3Cl
100
30 eV
50 eV
CH3Cl
HCl
Ar
10
2
DCS (10 cm /sr)
100eV
-16
1
0.1
0.01
1E-3
0 30 60 90 120150 0 30 60 90 120150 0 30 60 90 120150180
Scattering Angle (degree)
HCl@Gote and Ehrhardt J.Phys.B 28 (1995) 3957.
Development for TOF apparatus
N2
Sophia Univ.
E0 = 20.0 eV non-calib.
 = 90
Trajimar et al.
E0 = 19.0 eV
1
b u
3
C u
Intensity(arb.unit)
3
3
W u
3
A
+
3
E  gD 
1
a g
o
+
u
+
u
Sophia Univ.
E0 = 15.5 eV non-calib.
Trajimar et al.
E0 = 15.5 eV
N2
 = 90
o
View of TOF setup.
0
2
4
6
8
10
Energy loss (eV)
12
14
Cold Collision Experiments
- photoelectron source induced by SR -
E  10 meV
E0  30meV
Gas Cell
Synchrotron
Schematic view of experimental setup
Research site: Photon Factory at KEK
Xe, Kr, O2
2
-20
Ar
50
Total Cross Section (10m )
Detecto
r
Total cross section of Xe in low
energy region (preliminary data )
Cross section (cm2)
Lenz system
Ar + h  Ar+ + e
Xe
Xe
40
30
44.8
20
44.4
44.0
10
0
43.6
7.6
0
2
4
6
7.8
8
10
8.0
12
Impact energy (eV)
Electron Energy (eV)
14
16
Summary
A. Electron Collision Cross Section Database for Polyatomic Molecules
Three NIFS reports prepared for elastic scattering DCS, vibtational, and
electronic excitations
B. Electron Interactions with Excited Molecules
Vibrational excitation cross section determined for inelastic and superelastic electron scattering in the ground-electronic state in hot CO2
C. Recent Developments in Electron Collision Experiments
Four new Apparatuses developed recently for EELS, TOF, Negative ion, and
Cold Collision
Comprehensive, absolute, and correct cross-section data implemented through
joint efforts involving
many knowledgeable works and international collaboration
Group Members
Dr. M. Hoshino (Assist. Prof.)
H. Kato (D3) : EELS I, II, SR Experiment
H. Kawahara (M2) : EELS I, II, SR Experiment
Y. Nagai (M2) : EELS I
S. Kobayashi (M2) : Threshold Electron Spectroscopy by TOF
D. Tomida (M2) : Positron Experiment
Y. Kanazawa (M2) : Capillary Experiment on Highly Charged Ion
T. Shishimoto(M1): Negative Ion Experiment
H. Masui (M1): EELS I
T. Asahina (M1) : EELS II, SR Experiment
PROJECT PERSONNEL
Chief Scientific Investigator:
Hiroshi TANAKA (Prof. Sophia Univ. JAPAN)
Other Supporting Scientific Staff:
Masamitsu HOSHINO (Dr. Sophia Univ. JAPAN)
Mineo KIMURA (Prof. Kyushu Univ. JAPAN, deceased)
Michael J. BRUNGER (Prof. Flinders Univ. AUSTRALIA)
Stephen J. BUCKMAN (Prof., Australian Nat’l Univ. AUSTRALIA)
Casten MAKOCHEKANWA (Dr. Australian Nat’l Univ. AUSTRALIA )
Hyuck CHO (Prof. Chungnam Nat’l Univ. South KOREA)
Many thanks to the IAEA- RCP for this collaboration ( 2005-2008 )
IAEA
Platform for Worldwide Database
Role of NIFS NETWORK
NIST, NIFS, APAN, etc
Research Institute
University
Research Society
Industry
Individual
Measurements of electron collision-cross sections
Definition of various
Cross Section
Transmission experiment
Crossed beam method
I  I 0eQT Nl
QT   qn
n
※Upper limit of cross sections
・Differential Cross Section for
channel “n”
σn ( E0 , ) 
(n  m)
dqn ( E0 , ) k f
2

f n ( E0 , )
d
ki
・Integral and Momentum transfer
Cross Section
qM ( E0 )     0 ( E0 , )(1  cos  ) sin dd
2 
qn ( E0 ) 
 
n
( E0 , ) sin dd
Boltzmann equation
f t  v   X f  ( F m)  v f  [f t ]c
0 0
・Total Cross Section
Q T ( E0 )   qn ( E0 )
n
Swarm experiment
Molecules investigated
A. Fusion Plasma-Related Gases
CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C2H4, C3H6, isomer- C3H4
B. Processing Plasma-Related Gases
CF4, C2F6, C3F8, C3F6 cyclo-C4F8, C2F4, C6F6,
CH3F, CH2F2, CHF3 NF3, (SF6 )
SiH4, Si2H6, GeH4, SiF4
F2CO
C. Environmental Issues -Related Gases
CF3Cl, CF3Br,
CF3I, CF2Cl2, CFCl3
CO2, N2O,( H2O), OCS, CS2 H2CO,
C6H5X(X=H,CH3,CF3), (CH3)2O, CH3I
Results (publication list related to IAEA)
1) Experimental and theoretical elastic cross sections for electron collisions
with the C3H6 isomers, C. Makochekanwa et al,
J. Chem. Phys. 124 024323-1 (2006)
2) Experimental observation of neutral radical formation from CH4 by electron
impact in the threshold region, C. Makochekanwa et al,
Phys. Rev. A 74 042705 (2006)
3) Low energy electron energy-loss spectroscopy of CF3X (X=Cl, Br), M. Hoshino et al,
J. Chem. Phys. 126 024303 (2007)
4) Electron and positron scattering from 1,1-C2F2H2, C. Makochekanwa et al,
J. Chem. Phys. 126 164309-1 (2007)
5) Electron-impact excitation of the 1Bu and 1Cu electronic states of H2, H. Kato et al,
Phys. Rev. A (2008)
6) Vibrationaaly excitation functions for inelastic and superelastic electron scattering
from the ground-electronic state in hot CO2, H. Kato et al,
Chem. Phys. Letter (2008)
Electron Interactions with Molecule
Collision Processes of Interest
Quantitative Differential Cross Section Measurements
Electron Energy-loss Spectroscopy (EELS):
Elastic Scattering DCS
Resonant Phenomena in Vibrational Excitation
Electronic Excitation Process, GOS
Quadra- Pole- Mass Spectroscopy (QMSS)
Non-radiative Dissociation Products
(Threshold Ionization Spectroscopy)
Dissociative Attachment Processes
Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED)
Surface and Phase Transition
(previously presented in 2005)
Review Articles previously published
Review articles after 1990,
1. International Bulletin on Atomic and Molecular Data for Fusion, 42(1992)-58(2000)
published by IAEA,
2. Collision Data Involving Hydro-Carbon Molecules, H. Tawara, Y. Itikawa, H. Nishimura,
H. Tanaka, and Y. Nakamura, NIFS-DATA-6 July (1990)
3. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 76 (2000) 1
4. One Century of Experiments on Electron-Atom and Molecule Scattering: a Critical
Review of Integral Cross-sections Ⅱ-Polyatomic Moecules,Ⅲ-Hydrocarbons and
Halides, G. P. Karwasz, R. S. Brusa, and A. Zecca,
La Rivista del Nuvo Cimento 24 (1) (4) 2001
5. Analytic Cross Sections for Electron Collisions with Hydrocarbons: CH4, C2H6, C2H4,
C2H2, C3H8, and C3H6, T. Shirai, T. Tabata, H. Tawara, and Y. Itikawa, Atomic Data and
Nuclear Data Tables 80, 147-204 (2002)
6. Interaction of Photons and Electrons with Molecules, M.J.Brunger and S.J.Buckman,
Photon and Electron Interactions with Atoms, Molecules, and Ions, vilI/17, sub-volume
C ed Y. Itikawa, Landorf-Beurnstein (2003, Berlin: Springer) p6-118
7. Collision Processes of C2, 3Hy and C2, 3Hy Hydrocarbons with electrons and Protons
R. K .Janev and D. Reiter, Phys. Plasma 11 (2004) 780
8. Vibrational Excitation of Polyatomic Molecules by Electron Collisions
Y. Itikawa, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys 37 R1-24 (2004)
Recent Cross-section Data
summarized in
“Molecular Processes in Plasma-Collision of Charged Particles with Molecules-”
(Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York 2007) by Itikawa as follows:
Data Compilations in Printed Form
Journals Exclusively Focused on Atomic and Molecular Data
Online Database
Review Papers
Conference
continued
Research directions for 2008 and in future:
2008: propose directions for experimentalists and theorists to come
up with new cross section data that would make the database for
each molecule as complete as feasible as relates to the application to
the fusion- and plasma processing- plasmas (proposed 2005)
Furthermore, being proposed as follows:
Experimental Verification for BEf - Scaling Law in Electron-Molecule
Collision
Barriers for The Micro-Processing in the Semiconductors
changeover
Semiconductor
Device age
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Atomic and
Molecular age
2020
2025
year
High-k Materials
Insulator Material Barrier
Low-k Materials
Quantum-device
MOS Transistor Barrier
Bio-device
Nano-mechanics
device
Analysis and Evaluation Barrier
Atomic and Molecular Barrier
Bottom Down tech.
Heads into the Atomic and
Molecular Science and
Technology age
Atomic and Molecular
Science and
Technology age
Bottom Up tech.
Research Sites
Sophia
electron
positron
Atom
Molecule
photon
SPring-8
Surface
scattered electron
ejected electron
secondary-photo
-Auger-electron
ion
positive / negative ion, radical
RIKEN
Science Univ. of Tokyo
Photon Factory
BEf -scaling proposed by Yong-ki Kim
1. Ionization cross section
Deduction of unavailable data
Y.-K. Kim and M. E. Rudd, Phys. Rev. A 50, 3954 (1994)
2. Optically allowed electronic excitation for Atom
 BEf
 PWB
f accur
T


 PWB
T  B  E
f PWB
4a02 R
4a02 R ( Ka0 )2max F0 ( K ) d ( Ka0 ) 2

FPWB (T ) 
T
T ( Ka0 )2min E / R ( Ka0 ) 2
BEf -scaling proposed by Yong-ki Kim
3. Electronic excitation cross sections in CO
1
A
Impact Energy 50 eV
angle 8.5 deg
1 +
C
-16
2
DCS (10 cm /sr)
0.3
I.P.
0.2
1
E
0.1
1 +
B
0.0
8
10
12
Energy loss (eV)
14
DCS for v =2 of the A state in CO
A  (=2) ← X 
1
1 +
Impact Energy 50eV
Sophia's Data
Flinder's Data
Flinder's Data (80%)
10
-18
2
DCS (10 cm /sr)
100
1
0.1
0
20
40
60
angle (deg)
80
100
GOS of v =2 of the A state in CO
0.050
A1 (=2) ← X1+
0.045
GOS (a. u. )
0.040
OOS= 0 .0 3 8 8 6
100 eV
200 eV
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000 -3
10
10-2
10-1
2
100
K (a. u. )
101
102