THE ENVIRONMENT AND MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS

Scale/Effect LOCAL High concentrations of Toxic pollutants Urban ozone (smog) REGIONAL Ozone concentrations CO   VOC     Acid Deposition GLOBAL Climate change Accumulation of persistent pollutants  Major contributor  Contributor    NOx      CO2  Lead   Other toxic air pollutants    1

Key observations from an OECD study

MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION : Reduction Strategies beyond 2010

• Motor vehicle emissions are major contributors to health risks and environmental damage at the local, regional and global levels • The rapid growth in vehicle use expected over the next few decades will impair current efforts to control emissions of conventional pollutants while substantially increasing highway emissions of greenhouse gases.

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Key observations from an OECD study

MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION : Reduction Strategies beyond 2010

• Long-term solutions to environmental problems such as tropospheric ozone concentrations and CO2 emissions will require substantial reductions in fossil fuel use through a combination of fuel efficiency improvements, substitution of new, cleaner fuels and moderate, controlled levels of annual traffic growth.

3

Key observations from an OECD study

MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION : Reduction Strategies beyond 2010

• An integrated approach to transport, energy and environmental issues will become increasingly essential to an emissions control policy capable of achieving long term goals. 4

Transport sector contribution to atmospheric emissions

OECD Europe and North America, 1986

Other Sectors 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Fuel Use for Power Generation Residential / Commerce Industry Transport CO VOC NOx CO2 5

Share of annual U.S. cancer cases related to air pollution

Motor Vehicles 56% Industry 25% Product Use 19% 6

Cancer risk shares of motor vehicle related toxic air pollutants

Formaldehyde 4% Benzene 10% Acetaldehyde 1%

Cancer risk shares of motor vehicle related toxic air pollutants

Gasoline Particulate 13% Diesel Particulate 15% 1,3-Butadiene 57% 7

Urban air quality and motor vehicle emissions research at Carleton University

• • •

the measurement and characterization PM and VOCs in urban micro-environments the measurement and characterization of motor vehicle emissions the use and development of emission receptor and dispersion models to arrive at quantitative relations between emissions and urban air quality.

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Collaborative Research

•

Environment Canada’s

Environmental Technology Centre (ETC) in Ottawa: well equipped laboratories, state of the art research capability.

• Researchers in

Environmental Engineering at Carleton University

are collaborating with the

Emissions Research and Measurement Division at ETC

in applying experimental and modelling techniques in each of these areas.

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LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE TESTING

DISTANCE / SPEED LOAD (force)

grams/mile CO CO2 NOx HC

Temperature, Abs. Pressure Concentrations

Vehicle Exhaust

Dilution Air Dilution Air Filter Dilute Exhaust Analyzer Bench Heat ed F i d Heat ed NOx C arb o n Di o x i d e C arb o n M o n o x i d e (NDIR ) (NDIR ) Particulate Sampling Particulate Pump Filter Box Critical Flow Venturi Regulated Emissions Sample Unregulated Emissions Sample 10

Vehicle Emission Testing

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Ambient air quality monitoring in urban micro environments such as sidewalks, bus stations, parking garages, under different climate conditions

-

Slater Street, Ottawa 12

• Ambient sampling stations constructed at ETC for roadside measurement of VOC, PM2.5, and carbonyl compounds 13

• Oznur Oguz, a visiting researcher from Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, taking measurements in January 2000, Slater Street, Ottawa 14

• Measuring concentration of VOC and carbonyl compound pollutant levels inside vehicles 15

Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Modelling to determine contribution of different sources to measured pollutant concentrations

Source 1 xi1 i=1,n Receptor yi i=1,n 3 1 Source 2 xi2 i=1,n Source 3 xi3 i=1,n 2 16