Transcript The Long Peace - ENMU ITS Web Media Server — Media

The Long Peace
Late 19th Century Society
Late 19th Century Social Order
OUTLINE
•Second Industrial
Revolution
•Changes in Socialist
Theory
•Working-Class
Politicization
•Unionization in
Europe
•Working-Class
Political Parties
IDENTIFICATIONS
•Second Industrial Revolution
•Marxism
•Reformism
•Evolutionary Socialism
•German Social Democratic
Party
Triumph of the Middle Classes
•The late 19th century marked the triumph of the middle
classes in Europe, particularly Western Europe
•No matter the nature of the political regime, the middle
classes enjoyed considerable political, social, & economic
power by the end of the 19th century
•The middle classes no longer were a revolutionary class
Defining the Middle Class
• Middle Class (American English) refers to the middle income group
• Bürgertum (German) referred to citizens of a town (Burg)
• Bourgeoisie (French) referred to those who owned the means of
production (factories). Marxist definition
– Great variations among the middle classes
– Lower middle classes (Petite bourgeoisie)
– The middle classes’ political, social & cultural power derived
from their economic might
– The rise of the middle classes can be measured especially by the
changing consumer culture at the end of the 19th century
– Middle classes became the arbiters of taste
– Birth of Department Stores
Second French Empire
(1851-1870)
•Nationalism and
authoritarian rule
•Industrialization
•Alterations to the urban
landscape
•Defeat by Germany (1870)
A street of old Paris
The Razing of old Paris (1860s)
Paris after Baron Hausmann’s Reforms
Paris Sewers, ca. 1880
France at Mid-Century cont.
Revolution (1870-71)
•Announcement of the Third
Republic (1870)
•Siege of Paris
•Paris Commune
Honoré Daumier, The Empire
is at Peace (1870)
French Elections of 1870
Party
Delegates
Orleanist
214
Legitimist
186
Republican
150
Independent
80
Bonapartist
15
France at Mid-Century cont.
Revolution (1870-71)
The Paris Commune (1871)
•Announcement of the Third
Republic (1870)
•Siege of Paris
•Paris Commune
Second Industrial Revolution
•
•
Eiffel Tower, Paris
Key Changes:
– Industrial output soared in Western Europe
– Industrialization spread to eastern & southern Europe
– Germany overtook Britain as Europe’s leading
economic power
– New Industries: Oil, steel, chemicals, & optics
– Significant technological advances
– Abundance of new product appeared on the market.
– Endemic economic crises in the last 3 decades of the
19th century
– Industrialization spurred on over-seas conquest, or
imperialism
Russia
– 1880s & 1890s – Russian government launched a
Picture C redit: S. McC artney/C olorific
massive industrialization drive.
Eiffel Tower (1889)
– Industrialization in Russia happened very quickly, but
stood as a monument to
it was very uneven.
Europe technological
– With the erection of large factories, workers were
innovation.
concentrated in urban centers, creating a new
working class.
Changes in Socialist Theory
•
•
•
•
•
•
Socialism was not a fixed term.
Utopian Socialism
Marxism
– Definition: Theory that strives for a classless communist society through workingclass revolution.
In the years following the publication of the Communist Manifesto, socialists were hardly
united behind Marx & Engels' program.
Late 19th & early 20th century, most socialists focused on practical matters – rather than
on theory or revolution.
Reformism, Revisionism, Evolutionary Socialism
– Wanted to achieve a classless socialist society.
– Adopted a more gradual approach
– Less radical – Distanced themselves from revolutionary means
– Objectives: Eight-hour work day, greater democracy, universal suffrage, higher
wages, improvements in working conditions, municipal utility reform, universal
public education
– Strategy: Use the legislature to achieve goals.
– Historic roots of social democracy
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
1. More individuals of every species born than could
survive
2. Within each species as well as between species there
was a constant struggle for survival
3. There were differences or variations among members
of the same species which made some better fitted to the
environment and therefore better able to survive.
4. All this resulted in the survival of the fittest.
Descent of Man (1871)
– Application to human development
Scientific Racism: The Practice of Eugenics and Phrenology
•Through science, Race becomes a natural category to differentiate types and ranks-placing the white Anglo-Saxon male at the pinnacle of intellectual moral and
physical development.
•Use of New Sciences and Empiricism to justify these categorizations
•Anthropology: the study of human beings
•Eugenics: study of human improvement through genetic means
•(first coined 1883)
•Phrenology: study of the physical features of the skull as an indication of
mental faculties and character traits
•First developed late 18th and early 19th century by Franz-Joseph Gall
•Applications for justifying control of “undesirables”
•Criminals, Prostitutes, Mentally-Ill, Natives, Other…
Transformation of Socialism
Second wave of Industrialization
•
Great Depression (1873-1895)
•
Growth of Trade Unions
•
Popular Democracy and Mass Politics
•
Universal Manhood Suffrage:
France: 1871
Germany: 1871
Britain: 1884
Socialism as a Political Platform
1.
1875: German Socialist Workers’ Party (to become SPD)
2.
1889: Socialist International or Second International
3.
1891: German Socialist Democratic Party (SPD) meets in Erfurt: “Erfurt
Program”
4.
Revolutionary vs. Evolutionary Socialism
Eduard Bernstein(1850-1932) and Evolutionary Socialism (1899)
Transformation of Socialism
•
Second wave of Industrialization
•
Great Depression (1873-1895)
•
Growth of Trade Unions
•
Popular Democracy and Mass Politics
•
Universal Manhood Suffrage:
•
FRANCE & GERMANY: 1871
BRITAIN: 1884
Socialism as a Political Platform
Eduard Bernstein
•
1875: German Socialist Workers’ Party (to become SPD)
•
1889: Socialist International or Second International
•
1891: German Socialist Democratic Party (SPD)
•
Revolutionary vs. Evolutionary Socialism
•
Eduard Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism (1899)
•
Germany: SPD: 35% of vote in 1912 and largest single party by 1912
•
France: French socialists make up 20% of the Chamber of Deputies by 1912
The Challenge of Political Feminism
•1869: John Stuart Mill and Harriet
Women's Suffrage Bill (28th March, 1912)
Taylor: “On the Subjection of Women”
For Against
British Parliament
•1882: Married Women’s Property Act
(Britain)
Liberals
117
73
•1894: Union of German Women’s
114
Conservatives
63
Organization
•1901: National Council of French
0
Labour
25
Women
Irish Nationalists
3
35
•1903: British Women’s Social &
Political Union
222
208
Total
•Founded by Emmeline Pankhurst and
her daughters
•1907: Norway extends national vote to
women
•1910: Radicalization of British
feminism
•Not until after WW I that women in
Western societies begin to gain the
vote
For Emmeline Pankhurst, militancy was "the argument of the broken pane."
“We have brought the government of England to this position, that it has to
face this alternative; either women are to be killed or women are to have the
vote.”
Emily Davison at 1913 Derby Day in King’s Park
The Catholic Conflict with
Liberals and Nationalists
Pius IX and the First Vatican
Council (1870)
The revival of popular
Catholicism
The German Kulturkampf
(cultural struggle) (1872-1878)
The growth of the German
Catholic Center Party
Rerum Novarum (1891) Papal
encyclical of Leo XIII addresses
French Anti-Catholic Journal workers rights
The Catholic Church in the late 19th century
Pope Pius IX (1846-1878)
1848: Captured by Italian
Revolutionaries
1854: Doctrine of the Immaculate
Conception
1864: Syllabus of Errors
The Catholic Church in the late 19th century
• The Choice of the Church in the late 19th century
• Pope Pius IX (1846-1878)
1848: Captured by Italian Revolutionaries
1854: Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception
1864: Syllabus of Errors
1870-1871: First Vatican Council
1871: Doctrine of Papal Infallibility
• Encouragement of Personal Piety and Mysticism
– Lourdes in France in 1858
– Marpingen in the mid-1870s
The Catholic Church in the late 19th century
• Pope Pius IX (1846-1878)
1848: Captured by Italian Revolutionaries
1854: Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception
1864: Syllabus of Errors
1870-1871: First Vatican Council
1871: Doctrine of Papal Infallibility
•Rejection of Modernity and the ensuing kulturkampf
•Social Responsibility
1891: Pope Leo XIII (1864-1903): Rerum Novarum
Encouragement of Personal Piety and Mysticism
Appearances of the Virgin Mary at Marpingen
in the mid-1870s
Immaculata Chapel on the outskirts of Marpingen (near Luxembourg)
The New Mangerial Class
of the Second Industrial Revolution
Late 19th century middle class
society and culture
•White collar workers
•The professions
•Leisure and sports
Female white collar jobs
Typists and phone workers
•Department stores and
consumer culture
•Free and compulsory
schooling
Late 19th century middle class
society and culture
•White collar workers
•The professions
•Leisure and sports
•Department stores and
consumer culture
•Free and compulsory
schooling
A Women‘s Bicycle Race,
ca. 1890
Le Bon Marché: A Department Store
in Paris ca. 1880
Le Bon Marché
Paris, France
George Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande-Jatte (1884)
Challenges to Rationalism
and Liberalism
•Catholic reactions
•Darwinism
•Freud and
Psychoanalysis
•Friedrich Nietzsche
•Modern Art
Cartoon ridiculing Charles
Darwin (1860)
Challenges to Rationalism
and Liberalism
•Catholic reactions
•Darwinism
•Freud and
Psychoanalysis
•Friedrich Nietzsche
•Modern Art
Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)
Challenges to Rationalism and
Liberalism
•Catholic reactions
•Darwinism
•Freud and Psychoanalysis
•Friedrich Nietzsche
•Modern Art: Expressionism
and Cubism
Friedrich Nietzsche
(1844-1900)
Socialism and Anti-Socialism in Germany
•Anti-Socialist Laws (1878-1890)+
•Socialist worker culture
•Bismarck’s social legislation: 1884, 1889.
•Eduard Bernstein: Evolutionary Socialism
•Growth of the public sphere and right wing extraparliamentary pressure groups (1890-)
•New conservatism: Against the status quo.
British Cartoon of AntiSocialist Laws (1878)
Dreyfus Affair (1894-1906)
• 1894 – A French army
captain, Captain Alfred
Dreyfus, was convicted of
treason for having sold
military secrets to
Germany.
• Once it was revealed that
the army had forged the
evidence, a new trial was
held, but again Dreyfus
was again found guilty.
Dreyfus Affair Splits France
• The controversy over
whether Dreyfus was
guilty or innocent
divided all social
classes.
• The reputation of the
army was seen as
more important than
justice for one man.
Dreyfus Affair Splits France
• Liberals took up
Dreyfus case, eg.
Èmile Zola
• The Dreyfus Affair
proved that a new
kind of nationalism –
a racist nationalism –
had been born in the
birthplace of the
Enlightenment
It was only in 1906
that Dreyfus was
exonerated by a
presidential
pardon.