Secondary Reading Strategies in the Content Areas

Leslie Ballard, Director AdvancED Indiana [email protected]

• Informational literacy is so crucial to success in American higher education, citizenship, and work that our current era is widely known as the "information age.“ • Nearly 44 million American adults cannot extract even a single piece of information from a written text if any inference or background knowledge is required (Levy, 1993).

Nell Duke 2005 2

Reading is an essential component of college and workplace readiness. Low literacy levels often prevent high school students from mastering other subjects. Poor readers struggle to learn in text-heavy courses and are frequently blocked from taking academically more challenging courses. Reading Between the Lines (ACT)

Challenge for students • • • • Secondary texts are significantly longer and more complex at the word, sentence, and structural levels, present greater conceptual challenges and obstacles to reading fluency, contain more detailed graphic representations (as well as tables, charts and equations linked to text) demand a much greater ability to synthesize information.

Time to Act 2010

Challenge for teachers • It is critical that secondary teachers better understand and teach specific literacy strategies to help student read and extract meaning from the written material used to teach the course content.

NASSP 2005

The Big Why Why should all content area teachers share the responsibility of teaching literacy skills?

Literacy is far more than basic reading

Literacy requires being able to read, critique, produce and learn from increasingly complex print and electronic texts that juxtapose graphics, media and sound to create multifaceted messages about all aspects of our world. The new basic literacy skills include being able to read, analyze and produce graphs, charts, pictures, maps, images and works in fiction and nonfiction texts.

Meltzer and Jackson, 2010

• • • • • Our agenda Building Background Knowledge Text Previewing Questioning Predicting Summarizing

400+ Page text “Somites are blocks of dorsal mesodermal cells adjacent to the notochord during vertebrate organogensis.” “Improved vascular definition in radiographs of the arterial phase or of the venous phase can be procured by a process of subtraction whereby positive and negative images of the overlying skull are superimposed on one another.”

Besides Some Neuroanatomy, What Doug Learned • You can’t learn from books you can’t (but you can learn) read • Reading widely builds background and vocabulary • Interacting with others keeps me motivated, clarifies information and extends understanding • I have choices

Why Bother with Building Background Knowledge ?

“…the research literature supports one compelling fact: what students already know about the content is one of the strongest indicators of how well they learn new information relative to the content.” Robert Marzano

Building Background Knowledge

ASCD, 2004

Background Knowledge • • Direct – Field Trips – Virtual Experiences Indirect – Reading – Vocabulary Instruction

Why Content Area Vocabulary?

• • Research reveals that vocabulary knowledge is the single most important factor contributing to reading comprehension.

Content area vocabulary instruction is critical because – it consists of major content concepts – often no prior knowledge of specialized vocabulary exists – content area terms are often semantically related.

Billmeyer & Barton, McRel

Vocabulary Resources • •

Building Background Knowledge for Academic Achievement: Research on What Works in Schools

– Robert J. Marzano – ASCD 2004

Word Wise & Content Rich: Five Essential Steps to Teaching Academic Vocabulary

– Douglas Fisher and Nancy Frey – Heinemann 2008

Vocabulary Web Resources • www.

– vocabulary.co.il

– myvocabulary.com

– vocabulary.com

www.vocabularycartoons.com

TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY Focus Lesson Guided Instruction “I do it” “We do it” Collaborative Independent STUDENT RESPONSIBILITY A Structure for Instruction that Works “You do it together” “You do it alone” (c) Frey & Fisher, 2008

“Life-long readers are made, not born.”

Basic Questions • • • • • • Who?

What?

Where? When?

Why?

How?

Helpful sentence starters • • • • • • • • I wonder… I was confused when… I enjoyed… I am curious about… I was surprised to learn that… This information confirms what I knew about… This information contradicts what I knew about… I agree/disagree because….

Prediction • • • • • Predictions build curiosity and vesting.

Greater vesting and more public vesting will invited greater attention to the learning.

Prediction can be on the process, outcome or value (impact of something).

Students convey their predictions with journals, hand signals, public charts, graphs or verbally.

Students share their predictions with a partner, a team, or the class.

© 2010 AdvancED

Activity Complete the Before Reading portion of the Anticipation Guide for “Problems Are Our Friends.” Read the excerpt and then complete the After Reading and Reflection portions of the guide.

Questioning/Predicting

• • • • • • • • • Question/Answer Sticky Notes Double Entry Journals KWL Anticipation Guides DR-TA Quick Writes Read-Write-Pair-Share Reciprocal Teaching

• • • •

Summarizing Summary

Retain original order if appropriate Rewrite completely, using your own words and style Length is about ¼ to 1/3 the original Deal with only the “big picture” or the overview • • • •

Paraphrase

Retain original order if appropriate Rewrite completely, using your own words and style Length is about the same as the original Include all or most of the details

Let’s Try It • Read the paragraph and – Paraphrase it – Summarize it

SQ3R • SURVEY – the title, headings, subheadings – captions under pictures, charts, graphs, maps – review questions or study guides – introductory and concluding paragraphs – summary

SQ3R • QUESTION – Turn the title, headings, subheadings into questions.

– Make questions about bold-faced words or phrases.

– Ask yourself, “What did my teacher say about this chapter or subject when it was assigned?” – – Ask yourself, “What do I already know about this subject?” Ask Who? What? Where? When? How? Why?

SQ3R • READ – Look for answers to the questions you raised.

– Answer questions at the beginning or end of chapters or study guides.

– Reread captions under pictures, graphs, etc.

– Study graphic aids.

SQ3R • READ, cont.

– Note all the underlined, italicized, bold printed words or phrases – Reduce your speed for difficult passages – Stop and reread parts which are not clear – Read only a section at a time and recite after each section

SQ3R • RECITE – Close your book and write down what you remember.

– Orally ask yourself questions about what you have just read and/or summarize, in your own words, what you read.

– Take notes from the textbooks but write the information in your own words.

– Underline/highlight important points you’ve just read.

– Hint: The more senses you use, the more likely you are to remember what you read.

• Triple Strength – – – Seeing Saying Hearing • Quadruple Strength – – – Seeing Saying Hearing – Writing

SQ3R • REVIEW – Look over your Recite notes.

– Reread any section that you still don’t understand.

Reciprocol Teaching

Summarizing

Questioning Clarifying Predicting

DR-TA

Introduce Background Knowledge

Make Predictions Read a section and stop to check and revise predictions.

• What do you know so far from this reading?

• How do you know it?

• What do you expect to read next?

After reading, use student predictions as the discussion tool.

“When teachers focus on a cross curricular approach to reading, students’ reading skills are immeasurably strengthened.”

Rebecca Rozmiarek

Improving Reading Skills Across the Content Areas: Ready to Use Activities and Assessments for Grades 6-12

K – W – LLLLLLLLLLLLL!

Consider today’s session and jot down in the third column the information or activities which could help you increase your students’ literacy in your subject. Be prepared to report out.

Resources • Indiana Literacy Frameworks http://www.doe.in.gov/achievement/curric ulum/reading-and-literacy-frameworks • Learning Connection – Literacy Liaisons – Adolescent Literacy www.doe.in.gov

• www.doe.in.gov/readingsummit

Resources • http://programs.ccsso.org/projects/adolescen t_literacy_toolkit/

“The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you learn, the more places you'll go.” Dr. Suess