Transcript Traditional Monographs

Open Access – a short tour
GEWU meeting Open Access
12 September 2013 - Antwerpen
Eelco Ferwerda
OAPEN foundation
Open Access – a short tour
Context
Definitions, forms
 Status of OA today
 Trends: the mega journal

The case for Open monographs
Emerging business models
 Some examples
 The cost of the OA edition
 Results of OA pilot study

OA policies and choices
OA policies
 OA options for publishers
 Best practises

OAPEN Foundation: dedicated to OA books
OAPEN Library: platform for the deposit and
discovery of OA books
– a quality controlled collection of OA books
– improving discoverability and usage
OAPEN projects:
– OAPEN-NL and OAPEN-UK
– Pilots to study effects of OA for monographs
OAPEN services:
– Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB)
– www.doabooks.org
Open Access – context
Open Knowledge
Software:
(Open Scholarship)
Education:
Research output
Open Source Software
Open Courseware
Research results:
Research data:
Open Access
Open Data
Green road:
Golden road:
OA archiving
OA publishing
OA Journals
OA books
Open Acces - definition
OA is
 Digital
 Online
 Free of charge ‘gratis’
 Free to use and re-use ‘libre’
‘free availability and unrestricted use’ (PLoS)
OA is compatible with:
 Peer review
 Copyright
 For-profit publishing
Berlin Declaration on Open Access (2003)
Open Access contributions must satisfy two conditions:
The author(s) and right holder(s) of such contributions grant(s) to all
users a free, irrevocable, worldwide, right of access to, and a
license to copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work
publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital
medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution
of authorship…
A complete version of the work and all supplemental materials,
including a copy of the permission as stated above, in an
appropriate standard electronic format is deposited (and thus
published) in at least one online repository … supported and
maintained by an academic institution…, or other well-established
organization that seeks to enable open access, unrestricted
distribution, inter operability, and long-term archiving.
The ‘use and re-use’ debate
Creative Commons Licensing options:
Full Open Access: CC BY
Creative Commons Attribution license:
Restrictive licences:
CC BY-NC - non commercial: Protecting investment in publication
CC BY-ND – no derivatives: Protecting integrity of work
These works are not full Open Access.
OASPA, PLoS and SPARC introduced the Open Acces Spectrum describing
the spectrum between open and closed:
‘HowOpenIsIt?’ - http://www.plos.org/about/open-access/howopenisit/
Routes to Open Access
OA Publishing:
golden route
–Publish in OA journals
–Peer reviewed
–OA upon publication
–Main business models:
 Subsidy from institutions
 Author-side fee (APC)
–Both for-profit (BMC)
and non-profit (PLoS)
OA Archiving:
green route
–Deposit in OA repositories
–No reviewing
–OA or embargo
–Preprints and postprints
–Any kind of academic content
–Free and libre
–Interoperable through OAI
protocol (allowing single search)
–Institutional and subject based
Open Acces today
Gold:
– OJS > 10.000 ‘installations’
– DOAJ – 9900 OA journals
1.5 million articles
Green: OA mandates
– Institutional repositories > 180
– Research funders > 80
Gold + Green:
– 25%-50% articles available in OA
– 2008: 8,5 % gold, 12% green
Open Acces journals
DOAJ: 9900 OA journals
– Average growth +18%, articles +30%
STM: 55% - HSS: 45%
Charging publication fees: 30%
Average fees:
– $ 900 for all DOAJ journals
– $ 2000- $ 3000 for leading journals
– $ 1350 for PLOS ONE
Björk B-C, Welling P, Laakso M, Majlender P, Hedlund T, et al. (2010) Open Access to the Scientific Journal Literature:
Situation 2009. PLoS ONE 5(6): e11273. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011273
OA publishing trends
New features:
 Continuous publication
 Inclusion of research data
– enhanced publications
 Post publication review
 Rapid publication
 Article level metrics
New format: the mega journal
First ‘Mega’ Journal, launched 2006
Primary research from all scientific disciplines
Acceptance based on ‘sound science’,
not perceived importance or expected impact
2008: largest OA journal (2800 articles)
2010: largest e-journal (6750 articles)
2012: almost 25.000 articles (>2% PubMedCentral)
‘Conveyer belt’ approach to workflow
Reviewing managed by 3000+ editors…
There is also this…
Predatory publishers use deception to appear
legitimate, entrapping researchers into submitting
their work and then charging them to publish it.
Jeffrey Beall
http://the-scientist.com/2012/08/01/predatory-publishing/
Monographs
Losing sustainability and relevance
In the last 30 years, sales to US Libraries
dropped from 2000 to 200 (average)
Need for a new publishing model for academic
books
Open Access for monographs
Becoming an effective model
Open Access can improve:
 Discovery (views)
 Usage (downloads)
 Impact (citations)
+
Open Access can reduce costs
Open Access may not impact sales
OA Monograph Publishers
Commercial and non-profit
Established and start-ups
Institutional and professional
Professional and ‘scholar led’
University and Library presses
OA Monograph Publishers
Commercial: 19 %
Non-profit:
81 %
University presses:
71 %
Other non-profit:
10 %
OA Monographs: Models
Free versus libre
Free to read (all rights reserved)
Free to use and re-use (CC-BY)
Non commercial and/or no derivatives
Online versus downloads
Online reading only (HTML)
PDF, e-reader formats
Online + download
OA Monographs: Approaches
Frontlist publishing
Backlist / long tail approach
Dedicated Open Access
Service / Part of portfolio
Promotional / attracting readers
Selective / specific project or series
OA Monographs: business models
•
Hybrid or dual edition publishing
•
Institutional support
•
Author side publication fee
•
New models
OA business models Dual edition publishing
Dual edition: hybrid model, publishing both
OA edition + other editions (print or PoD)
Used by almost all OA book publishers
Also called ‘Freemium’ or value-added model:
• OA + value added or premium products and
services
Examples:
• Bloomsbury Academic, NAP, OECD publishing
OA business models Author side publication fee
‘APC’ for OA books: Publishers charge a fee to
publish monographs in OA
•
Springer Open, De Gruyter, Amsterdam UP
Publication fee is paid by funder of original
research (research council, research institution,
university)
Some OA funds are now open for OA books
•
•
Research libraries (Utrecht UL, UCSF)
Research councils (NWO, FWF)
OA business models Author side publication fee
Examples:
• SpringerOpen - 15.000 euro
• Palgrave Macmillan - 11.000 pounds
• Manchester University Press - 5.900 – 7.700
pounds, depeding on lenght
• Brill - 5000 euro + 11 euro/page > 350
• Open Book Publishers - <4000 pounds
• Ubiquity Press - 750 pounds/chapter
Calculating the cost of OA books
Other/direct costs
€ 375
3%
Marketing
€ 437
4%
Royalties
€ 386
3%
Peer review
€ 206
2%
Platform
€ 113
1%
OA Marketing
€ 263
2%
Peer review
Overhead
€ 591
5%
Editing/direct personnel costs
€ 1.948
16%
Platform
OA Marketing
Editing/direct personnel costs
Typesetting
Distribution
€ 1.565
13%
Overhead/indirect personnel costs
Other/direct costs
Cover
Typesetting
€ 1.791
15%
Printing, binding
Distribution
Overhead
Other/direct costs
Printing, binding
€ 2.867
23%
Cover
€ 293
2%
Overhead/indirect personnel
costs
€ 1.185
Other/direct costs
10%
€ 146
1%
Marketing
Royalties
Print: € 6.489 (53%)
OA: € 5.678 (47%)
OAPEN-NL: Average costs of monographs
OA Costs:
Print costs:
Peer review
€ 206
Cover
€ 293
Platform
€ 113
Printing, binding
€ 2,867
Marketing
€ 263
Distribution
€ 1,565
Editing/direct
personnel costs
€ 1,948
Overhead
€ 591
Typesetting
€ 1,791
Other/direct costs
€ 375
Overhead/indirect
personnel costs
€ 1,185
Marketing
€ 437
Other/direct costs
€ 146
Royalties
€ 385
€ 5,678
€ 6,489
OAPEN-NL: preliminary results
Pilot publishing project comparing 50 OA books
with similar traditional books from the same
publishers.
Open access improves:
 Discovery (visits in Goolge Book Search + 40%)
 Usage (page views in Google BS + 50%)
Open Access has not impacted sales
(average100/year)
Downloads in OAPEN: 165/month = 20 x sales
Too early for data on Impact (citations)
OA policies: Science Europe
Aims to accomplish the transition to OA as quickly as
possible, in an efficient and sustainable way, and thus
avoid unnecessary costs.
Principles:
–Support for green and gold: Research publications
published in OA journals or deposited in a repository
–Made available OA within 6 months of publication (12
months in AHSS)
–Require rigorous quality assurance in return for payment of
OA publication fees
–Funding of OA publication fees requires transparent cost
structure
–Only support for models that prevent ‘double dipping’ and
increase cost transparency
OA options for publishers
Support OA mandates (Self archiving by authors)
– Which version? (final manuscript, published version)
– Embargo? (6 or 12 months)
Offer OA as service to authors
– Journals (Hybrid model)
– Books
– Develop pricing model
Pursue and promote OA
– OA projects with partners (journals, books)
– Transition subscription journals to OA
– Introduce OA for back list or out of print books
– Change author contracts (author retains copyright, grants
publication right)
– Find support for OA initiatives: Liverpool UP authors fund to
support OA
OA best practices
Register with SHERPA/RoMEO
http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/
Register with DOAJ for journals and/or DOAB for books
http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=news&nId=303
Follow OASPA guidelines
http://oaspa.org/membership/membership-criteria/
Be open and clear about:
Quality assurance
Licensing options
Publication fees
Example Brill Open: http://www.brill.com/brill-open-0
Thank you
www.oapen.org
www.doabooks.org
Eelco Ferwerda
[email protected]
The following slides were not presented
A short history of Open Access
1991 – ArXiv
1993 – BioLine
1994 – NAP (OA books)
1997 – SPARC (ARL)
1999 – EIFL
1999 – OAI protocol
2000 - BioMedCentral
2001 – OJS (PKP)
2002 – Budapest OA Initiative
2003 – DOAJ (300 journals)
- PLoS first OA journal
- Berlin declaration
2005 – Wellcome Trust
(OA Mandate)
2006 – PLoS ONE
2008 – OASPA, OAPEN
- SpringerOpen (journals)
2011 – SCOAP3 start
OA tender in HEP
2012 – DOAB
- OMP (PKP)
- SpringerOpen (books)
- e-Life (WT, MPG, Howard
Hughes)
Knowledge Exchange briefing paper
About monographs:
Traditional models for monograph publishing are
losing sustainability, even with substantial public
funding
Paper proposes a new model for monographs:
primarily as an electronic resource available on
Open Access
Would reduce costs as printed edition could become
a seperate service provided as print-on-demand
Freemiun Access publishing: OECD
All publications are free online (HTML5)
All books available in print / PoD
All PDFs available to subscribers of OECD Library
and purchasers (many are also free)
OECD recovers almost all of its costs through
this model
http://www.oecd.org/about/publishing/
Author side publication fee:
OA funds of research funders
Research councils set up funds to pay OA publication fees
Restricted to publications based on funded research
Either as incentive for Open Access or mandated
Principles:
-
Results from publicly funded research should be publicly available
Funds for OA publication fees should be open for articles and books
Examples:
OA business models:
new approaches
Library consortium - collaborative
underwriting (Knowledge Unlatched)
Crowd-funding (Gluejar Inc.)
Library licensing model (OpenEdition
Freemium)
OpenEdition Freemium
Licensing model for libraries
Introduced as pilot in 2012
Based on combination of free content in HTML +
premium content (PDF, e-pub) and services
Revenues split 1/3-2/3 between OpenEdition and
publishers
Intended to:
– make OA content discoverable
– provide a business model for OA content
– help sustain platform
http://www.openedition.org
‘Knowledge Unlatched’ – Frances Pinter
Libraries form a global consortium
Use their existing acquisitions budget
Select individually, purchase collectively
Price based on fixed or ‘first digital copy’ costs
Libraries receive value-added edition
Monographs are then published Open Access
Pilot started in 2013
Support from Australia and USA (ARL)
Help from the ‘Big Innovation Centre’ (UK)
http://www.knowledgeunlatched.org/
National approach: Sweden
‘Towards quality controlled Open Access Monographs in
Sweden - exploring the possibilities of a consortium
based approach’
Initiative of National Library and funder of research to
bring together a number of universities / university
libraries and academic presses to improve the
Swedish situation for monographs:
– ensure effective dissemination based on Open Access
– coordinate quality control and share specific services
– using existing funds for books
Publishing as part of the
research system
Researchers
Search, retrieve,
read
Libraries
Select, index
and provide access
Authors
Select,
cite and write
Funders
Allocate Funds
Evaluate ROI
Publishers
and Agents
Market, distribute
and sell
Reviewers
Read and evaluate
Publishers
Select, edit,
produce, brand
Houghton: activity costs in NL
920 million
1 billion
Researchers
Search, retrieve,
read
Libraries
Select, index
and provide access
Select,
cite and write
Funders
Allocate Funds
Evaluate ROI
Publisher
and Agents
Total NL system
€ 2.4 billion
Authors
Market, distribute
and sell
Reviewers
242 million
Read and evaluate
Publisher
Select, edit,
produce, brand
210 million (9%)
Source: Costs and benefits of research communication: The Dutch Situation, John Houghton (2009)
Academic publishing
Largely dependant on public spending
Research, authoring & reviewing paid for by
Research funders and Universities
Subscriptions paid for by Libraries
Traditional academic publishing
Losing it’s sustainability
Commercialisation of STM journal publishing
in combination with the growth of science:
- caused serials crisis (libraries)
- lead to monograph crisis (book publishers)
Benefits of Open Access
Access to the entire
literature
Re-use of content
Full text searching
& mining
Researchers
Search, retrieve,
read
Libraries
Select, index
Answering
and provide access
user needs
Improved services
Authors
Select,
cite and write
Funders
Allocate Funds
Evaluate ROI
Publishers
and Agents
Market, distribute
and sell
Access to the largest
possible audience
Increased visibility
& impact
Reviewers
Read and evaluate
Publishers
Select, edit,
produce, brand
Improving ROI
Ensuring
publication
Advancing spread
of knowledge
Effective knowledge dissemination
Economic Benefits of OA (NL)
Worldwide OA
Researchers
130 million
Search, retrieve,
read
Libraries
Select, index
and provide access
Authors
Select,
cite and write
Funders
Allocate Funds
Evaluate ROI
Publishers
and Agents
Market, distribute
and sell
Reviewers
Read and evaluate
Publishers
Select, edit,
produce, brand
Unilateral OA
37 million
Source: Costs and benefits of research communication: The Dutch Situation, John Houghton (2009)