Transcript Important Dates in the Origins of SE as a Discipline

System Design for Sustainable Development
Peter C. Scott, Ph.D.
“Systems Engineering for the Planet”
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System Design for Sustainable
Development
• The systems engineering process – a personal
journey
– International Council on Systems Engineering
www.incose.org
• Sustainability and the role of the engineer
– The Triple Bottom Line
– Four lists of guidelines
• How - regulations, taxes, subsidies - or collective
will?
– Examples from Senior Design
– The end of “short-termism”
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E-COM: Electronic Computer Originated
Mail project for USPS by
E-COM envelope with printed letter inside
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Space Station Communications and Tracking
System by
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Explosives Detection System
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Important Dates in the Origins of SE as a Discipline
INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook
• Fourth Dynasty in Egypt: Systems Engineering the Pyramids (D.H.*)
•1829 Rocket [steam] locomotive; progenitor of main-line railway motive
power
•1936 RCA’s Experimental Television System (E.E.*)
•1937 British multi-disciplinary team to analyze the air defense system
•1943 Systems Engineering department formed at Bell Labs (A.D.H.)
•1939-1945 Bell Labs supported NIKE development
•1951-1980 SAGE Air Defense System defined and managed by MIT
•1956 Invention of systems analysis by RAND Corporation
•1962 Publication of A Methodology for Systems Engineering* (by
A.D.H.)
•1969 Jay Forrester* (Modeling Urban Systems at MIT)
•1990 NCOSE established
•1995 INCOSE emerged from NCOSE to incorporate International view
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“World Dynamics” and
“The Limits to Growth”
• Forrester next presented a System Dynamics model of
the world's socioeconomic system in a 1971 book titled
World Dynamics, addressing the "predicament of
mankind“.
• Forrester’s graduate student Dennis Meadows went on
to co-author The Limits to Growth*, a 1972 book
modeling the consequences of a rapidly growing world
population and finite resource supplies.
• In 2008 Graham Turner published a paper called "A
Comparison of `The Limits to Growth` with Thirty
Years of Reality".
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Professional Organization
INCOSE website: www.incose.org
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Overview
– The International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) is a not-for-profit
membership organization founded to develop and disseminate the
interdisciplinary principles and practices that enable the realization of successful
systems.
Mission
– Share, promote and advance the best of systems engineering from across the
globe for the benefit of humanity and the planet.
Vision
– The world's authority on Systems Engineering.
First Goal
– To provide a focal point for dissemination of systems engineering knowledge.
Student Division
– Comprised of a group of systems engineering undergraduate or graduate
students who wish to become actively involved in INCOSE while enrolled in an
accredited systems engineering course of study at a college or university.
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What is it?
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“The systems approach is the application of logic and common sense
resting on a sound foundation”, The Systems Approach: Fresh Solutions to
Complex Problems Through Combining Science and Practical Common
Sense, Simon Ramo and Robin K. St.Clair, 1998: Anaheim, CA: KNI, Inc.
http://www.incose.org/productspubs/doc/systemsapproach.pdf
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“Systems engineering, in and of itself, is not complicated. It is the projects
that are complicated”, Systems Engineering is Simple, Jorg R. Largent,
2010 INCOSE International Symposium.
http://www.incose.org/ProductsPubs/incosestore.aspx
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“Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary approach and means to enable
the realization of successful systems. It focuses on defining customer needs
and required functionality early in the development cycle, documenting
requirements, then proceeding with design synthesis and system validation
while considering the complete problem:..............” (INCOSE).
http://www.incose.org/practice/whatissystemseng.aspx
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Systems Engineering Standards
– ISO/IEC 15288:2008, Systems and software engineering – System life
cycle processes, Geneva: International Organization for Standardization
www.iso.org
– IEEE 1220-2005: Standard for Application and Management of the
Systems Engineering Process www.ieee.org
– ANSI/EIA-632-1999: Processes for Engineering a System, American
National Standards Institute www.ansi.org
– Capability Maturity Model Integration for Development (CMMI-DEV),
Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University
http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmmi/tools/dev/index.cfm
– INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook v. 3.2, January 2010
http://www.incose.org/ProductsPubs/products/sehandbook.aspx
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Systems Methodology
(from Professor Keenan’s course ESE 204)
• Evaluate and define the problem
• Identify true needs
– and ultimate objectives
• Construct alternative solutions
• Evaluate options
– Technological effectiveness
– Cost, etc
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Technical Processes
INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook
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Stakeholder Requirements Definition
Requirements Analysis
Architectural Design
Implementation
Integration
Verification
Transition
Validation
Operation
Maintenance
Disposal
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Range of Potential Stakeholders
(INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook)
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“Good” Requirements
INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook
• “Shall” – Requirements are demands upon
the designer or implementer and the
resulting product, and the imperative form
of the verb, “shall,” shall be used in
identifying the requirement.
• A good requirement is necessary,
implementation-independent, clear and
concise, complete, consistent, achievable,
traceable and verifiable.
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Modified V Diagram
(Courtesy of Walt Sobkiw)
Community
Shutdown
Accountability
Sustainability
Disposal
Accountability
Community
Operations
Sustainability
Traceability
Concept of
System
Operations
Validation
Traceability
System
System
Delivery
Requirements
Verification
Subsystem Traceability Subsystem
Requirements Traceability Verification
Unit
Recombination
Decomposition Component
Verification
and Integration
and Traceability Requirements
Implementation
Time
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When you look up, it’s requirements
When you look down, it’s design
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Definitions of Sustainable Development
 “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs”. World Commission on Environment and
Development, “Our Common Future, The Report of the Brundtland
Commission”, http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm
 Cannibals with Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business,
John Elkington, New Society Publishers, 1998; also known as “people,
planet, profit”, “prosperity, environment and society” and “the
environmental, social and economic pillars of sustainability”. “Is it
progress if a cannibal uses a fork?”, Stanislaw Lec.
 Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 26000, Guidance on social
responsibility*: “Sustainable development is about integrating the goals
of a high quality of life, health and prosperity with social justice and
maintaining the earth’s capacity to support life in all its diversity. These
social, economic and environmental goals are interdependent and
mutually reinforcing. Sustainable development can be treated as a way
of expressing the broader expectations of society as a whole.”
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Intersection of the Three Pillars
The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in the
Twenty-first Century, Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, 29–31
January 2006 www.iucn.org
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12 Steps To a Sustainable
Economy (Jackson 2009)
• Building a Sustainable Macro-Economy
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1. Developing macro-economic capability
2. Investing in public assets and infrastructures
3. Increasing financial and fiscal prudence
4. Reforming macro-economic accounting
• Protecting Capabilities for Flourishing
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5. Sharing the available work and improving the work-life balance
6. Tackling systemic inequality
7. Measuring capabilities and flourishing
8. Strengthening human and social capital
9. Reversing the culture of consumerism
• Respecting Ecological Limits
– 10. Imposing clearly defined resource/emissions caps
– 11. Implementing fiscal reform for sustainability
– 12. Promoting technology transfer and international ecosystem
protection.
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Are there ethical issues in your
project?
• The INCOSE Code of Ethics includes the requirements
to:
– guard the public interest and protect the environment, safety and
welfare of those affected by engineering activities and
technological artifacts.
– manage risk using knowledge granted by a whole system
viewpoint and understanding of systemic interfaces.
• The IEEE Code of Ethics includes the requirements to :
– accept responsibility in making decisions consistent with the
safety, health and welfare of the public.
– disclose promptly factors that might endanger the public or the
environment.
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Engineering for Sustainable
Development: Guiding Principles 1-6
The Royal Academy of Engineering, September 2005
http://www.raeng.org.uk/events/pdf/Engineering_for_Sustainable_Development.pdf
1. Look beyond your own locality and the
immediate future
2. Innovate and be creative
3. Seek a balanced solution
4. Seek engagement from all stakeholders
5. Make sure you know the needs and
wants
6. Plan and manage effectively
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Engineering for Sustainable
Development: Guiding Principles 7-12
7. Give sustainability the benefit of any doubt
8. If polluters must pollute… then they must pay
as well
9. Adopt a holistic, ‘cradle-to-grave’ approach
10. Do things right, having decided on the right
thing to do
11. Beware cost reductions that masquerade as
value engineering
12. Practice what you preach
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Guidance on Sustainability for the Engineering
Profession
Engineering Council UK, May 2009
http://www.engc.org.uk/about-us/sustainability
1. Contribute to building a sustainable society,
present and future
2. Apply professional and responsible judgment
and take a leadership role
3. Do more than just comply with legislation and
codes
4. Use resources efficiently and effectively
5. Seek multiple views to solve sustainability
challenges
6. Manage risk to minimize adverse impact to
people or the environment
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The 12 Principles of Green Engineering
Anastas and Zimmerman,
Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 94A – 101A, 2003.
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Prevention Instead of Treatment
Design for Separation
Maximize Efficiency
Output-Pulled Versus Input-Pushed
Conserve Complexity
Durability Rather Than Immortality
Meet Need, Minimize Excess
Minimize Material Diversity
Integrate Material and Energy Flows
Inherent Rather Than Circumstantial
Design for Commercial "Afterlife“
Renewable Rather Than Depleting
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Entering the Ecological Age: The
Engineer’s Role – Peter Head, Arup
Principles from: Benyus, Janine. “Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature”.
Harper Collins: New York, (1997).
1. Use waste as a resource; use materials
sparingly; do not draw down resources
2. Diversify and cooperate
3. Gather and use energy efficiently
4. Optimize not maximize, and run on information
5. Clean up not pollute
6. Remain in balance with the biosphere
7. Use local resources
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Adopting the Triple Bottom Line
– Internalize externalities
• By-products of activities that affect the well-being of people
or the environment, where those impacts are not reflected in
market prices.
• But how do we measure the environmental and social
components?
– Regulation, taxation or subsidy?
• Example for carbon emissions: tax vs. cap and trade
• A carbon tax can be made progressive with appropriate
revenue return
• Shareholder and customer pressure
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2010-2011 ESE Senior Design
Sustainability Projects
– AccuEnergy - Forecasting System for Penn’s Electricity
Consumption (Madhur Agarwal, Jesse Beyroutey, Grace Gui,
and Katie Joo)
– Penn Cap and Trade (Hyung Soo Byun, Eve Ying Lee and Junxu
Lye)
– Urban Energy Consumers as Solar Energy Producers (Soh
Nagano, Kristin K Yamauchi, Amanda Zwarenstein and Pallavi
Yerramilli)
– Greengineering (Shahid I Bosan, Dara M Elass, Divya Singhal
and Aarti D Kochhar)
– Sustainable Rainforest Solutions: Agent-Based Modeling of the
Amazon Rainforest (Amanda E Smith, Erich R Sorger, Jane P
Kim and Ivan Levcovitz)
– Wind’s Up! (Michael Harker, Lorna Ng’eno and William Safrin)
– Energy Performance Rating of Penn Buildings (Saksham Karwal
and Sugyan Loyiaa)
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Promising policies, reforms and laws
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EPA’s ENERGY STAR label was established to:
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Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants caused by the inefficient use of
energy; and
Make it easy for consumers to identify and purchase energy-efficient products that offer
savings on energy bills without sacrificing performance, features, and comfort.
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LEED, or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, is an internationallyrecognized green building certification system.
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The EU’s Emissions Trading Scheme www.ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/emission
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a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for
achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.
The EU’s Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive
www.ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/weee
– imposes the responsibility for the disposal of such equipment on the manufacturers, who are
compelled to use the collected waste in an ecologically-friendly manner, either by ecological
disposal or by reuse/refurbishment.
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WEEE Man
www.weeeman.org
He represents the amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
the average British person throws away in their lifetime – over 3 tonnes.
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Aviation and the E.U. Emissions
Trading System
http://theenergycollective.com/jakeschmidt/58721/congress-should-not-try-stop-europeans-controllingaviations-carbon-pollution
• “U.S., E.U. officials meet on aviation amid U.S. airlines'
efforts to gut anti-pollution program”
• What the EU law does:
– Limits the global warming pollution of all civil aviation flights
within, from, and to the EU.
– Applies to all carriers without discriminating on the basis of
nationality.
– Sets a modest 3% reduction in emissions in the first year (2012)
– Establishes a pool of emissions allowances.
– Gives airlines approximately 82% of the allowances for free and
broad flexibility to determine how to reduce their pollution.
– Explicitly allows the EU to exempt flights from nations with
equivalent measures.
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Conclusions/Questions
• The real stakeholders include current and
future generations (including yours!)
– What are your requirements?
– Who will represent them?
– How will they be enforced?
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REFERENCES
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The Pyramid Builder’s Handbook,
Derek Hitchins: http://www.hitchins.net/SysBooks.html#PBH
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IEEE Global History Network on Elmer Engstrom:
http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Elmer_W._Engstrom
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Arthur D. Hall (1962). A Methodology for Systems Engineering. Van
Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0442030460
Jay Forrester: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester
The Limits to Growth (1972): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
Graham Turner (2008). "A Comparison of `The Limits to Growth` with Thirty
Years of Reality“:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378008000435
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Forsberg and Mooz (1991), "The Relationship of Systems Engineering to
the Project Cycle”:
http://www.csm.com/repository/model/rep/o/pdf/Relationship%20of%20SE%20to%20Proj%20Cycl
e.pdf
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Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 26000, Guidance on social
responsibility: http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=42546
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Partial Bibliography
 Small Is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered
(E. F. Schumacher, 1973)
 The Journal of Sustainable Product Design
http://www.cfsd.org.uk/journal/
 The Hannover Principles: Design for Sustainability, (William
McDonough, Architects, 1992)
 Design and Sustainability: opportunities for systemic transformation
(Jason Pearson, 2006)
 Prosperity without Growth: economics for a finite planet (Tim Jackson,
2009)
 The Story of Stuff: how our obsession with stuff is trashing the planet,
our communities, and our health – and a vision for change (Annie
Leonard, 2010)
 Sustainable Energy – without the hot air (David MacKay, 2009)
 Sustainable Development: possible with creative system engineering
(Walt Sobkiw, 2008)
 Systems Practices as Common Sense (Walt Sobkiw, 2010)
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