Beyond Third Generation Cellular Networks: The Integration of Internet and Telephony Technology Prof. Randy H. Katz UC Berkeley

AT&T Cambridge Laboratory 10 September 1999 http://iceberg.cs.berkeley.edu

Bridge to the Future Cellular “Core” Network

1

Outline

• Motivation • It’s all about Services • The ICEBERG Project • Summary and Conclusions • New Project: Endeavour Expedition

2

Outline

• Motivation • It’s all about Services • The ICEBERG Project • Summary and Conclusions • New Project: Endeavour Expedition

3

Mobile Telephone & Internet Users

Millions

700 600 500

Mobile Telephone Users

400 300 200 100 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Internet Users Year Source: Ericsson Radio Systems, Inc.

4

Shift Toward Digital Mobile Access Network

Millions of Subscribers

700 600 500 400 300

Provides a ubiquitous infrastructure for wireless data as well as voice Digital

200 100

Analog

0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Year Source: Ericsson Radio Systems, Inc.

5

Data Dominates

United States Network Traffic Growth (gigabits, bn)

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Voice IP 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Source: Nortel in The Economist, 13 Mar 99

6

Internet Telephony

Analog Voice to Packet Data Packet Data to Analog Voice Local Call Local Call Internet Gateway Gateway • High Latencies/Dropped Packets being solved • Short term: circuit-switched local infrastructure plus packet-switched wide-area infrastructure • Longer term: migration towards “always on” digital broadband data connections

7

Core Network Becomes Data-Oriented

Local Switch Local Exch Net (LEC) Interexchange Network (IXC) Local Switch Local Exch Net (LEC) Access Network Local Switch IWF + Router Voice Traffic Connection-Oriented PSTN Local Exch Data Traffic Packet-Oriented Local Switch IWF + Router Local Exch Local Gateway IP-Based WAN Core Network Local Gateway Access Network

8

Core Network Becomes Data-Oriented

VoIP Gateway Packet-Oriented VoIP Gateway IP-Based WAN Router Router Access Network Core Network Access Network • Routing infrastructure with support for differentiated services • Open question: service-level agreements that span multiple ISPs

9

Smart Appliances/Thin Clients

PDA PCS Qualcomm PDQ Phone

10

• Top Gun Wingman – “Thin” presentation layer in PDA with full rendering engine in wireline proxy • Top Gun MediaBoard – Participates as a reliable multicast client via proxy in wireline network

11

Important Trends Revisted

• Multimedia / Voice over IP networks – Lower cost, more flexible packet-switching core network – Simultaneous support for delay sensitive and delay insensitive flows via differentiated services • Intelligence shifts to the network edges – Third-party functionality downloaded into Information Appliances like PalmPilots • Programmable intelligence inside the network – Proxy servers intermixed with switching infrastructure – Mobile/extensible code, e.g., JAVA: “write once, run anywhere” – Rapid new service development – Speech-based services

12

Outline

• Motivation • It’s all about Services • The ICEBERG Project • Summary and Conclusions • New Project: Endeavour Expedition

13

The Future: Internet-based Open Services Architecture

“Today, the telecommunications sector is beginning to reshape itself, from a vertically to a horizontally structured industry. … [I]t used to be that new capabilities were driven primarily by the carriers. Now, they are beginning to be driven by the users. … There’s a universe of people out there who have a much better idea than we do of what key applications are, so why not give those folks the opportunity to realize them. … The smarts have to be buried in the ‘middleware’ of the network, but that is going to change as more-capable user equipment is distributed throughout the network. When it does, the economics of this industry may also change.” George Heilmeier, Chairman Emeritus, Bellcore

14

Transparent Information Access

Speech-to-Text Speech-to-Voice Attached-Email Call-to-Pager/Email Notification Email-to-Speech All compositions of the above!

Universal In-box Policy-based Location-based Activity-based

15

Composable Services

• E.g., voice control of A/V devices in a “Smart Room” – Multistage processing transformation – Strongly typed connectors – Service discovery service – Automated path generation Path A/V Devices Audio ICSI Speech Recognizer Text Text to Command Cmd Room Entity Microphone Cell phone

Response to Client

16

Outline

• Motivation • It’s all about Services • The ICEBERG Project • Summary and Conclusions • New Project: Endeavour Expedition

17

ICEBERG: Internet-based CorE BEyond the thRid Generation

• The Challenge – Developing service intensive, network-based, real-time applications – Securely embedding computational resources in the switching fabric – Providing an open, extensible network environment: heterogeneity • Computing – Encapsulating legacy servers & partitioning “thin” client functionality – Scalability: 100,000s of simultaneous users in the SF Bay Area • High BW IP backbones + diverse access networks – Different coverage, bandwidth, latency, and cost characteristics – Third generation cellular systems: UMTS/IMT2000 – Next gen WLANs (Bluetooth) & broadband access nets (DSL/cable) • Diverse appliances beyond the handset or PC – Communicator devices plus servers in the infrastructure

18

Project Goals

• Demonstrate ease of new service deployment – Packet voice for computer-telephony integration – Speech- and location-enabled applications – Complete interoperation of speech, text, fax/image across the four P’s: PDAs, pads, pagers, phones) – Mobility and generalized routing redirection • Demonstrate new system architecture to support innovative applications – Personal Information Management » Universal In-box: e-mail, news, fax, voice mail » Notification redirection: e.g., e-mail, pager – Home networking and control of “smart” spaces, sensor/actuator integration » Build on experience with A/V equipped rooms in Soda Hall

19

Experimental Testbed

Velo IBM WorkPad Nino MC-16 CF788 Motorola Pagewriter 2000

306 Soda 405 Soda 326 Soda “Colab”

TCI @Home GSM BTS WLAN / Bluetooth Pager SimMillennium Network Infrastructure H.323

GW

Smart Spaces Personal Information Management

Millennium Cluster Millennium Cluster

20

Internet-Scale Systems Research Group

Personal Information Management and “Smart Spaces” Distributed Videoconferencing & Room-scale Collaboration MASH Media Processing Services Active Services Architecture Speech and Location Speech and Location ICEBERG Computer-Telephony Services TranSend Extensible Proxy Services Distributed Computing Services: NINJA Computing and Communications Platform: Millennium/NOW 21

NINJA Distributed Computing Platform

• Bases (1M’s) – scalable, highly available – persistent state (safe) – databases, agents – “home” base per user – service programming environment • Active Proxies (100M’s) – not packet routers, may be AN nodes – bootstrap thin devices into – soft-state and well-connected • Units (1B’s) – sensors / actuators – PDAs / smartphones / PCs – heterogeneous – Minimal functionality: “Smart Clients” Jini devices

Wide-Area Path

22

ICEBERG Principles ...

• Potentially Any Network Services (PANS) – Any service can from any network by any device; network/device independence in system design • Personal Mobility – Person as communication endpoint with single identity • Service Mobility – Retain services across networks • Easy Service Creation and Customization – Allow callee control & filtering • Scalability, Availability, Fault Tolerance • Security, Authentication, Privacy

23

ICEBERG Architectural Elements

• ICEBERG Access Point (IAP) – Encapsulates network specific gateway (control and data) • ICEBERG Point of Presence (iPOP) – Performs detailed signaling » Call Agent: per communication device per call party » Call Agent Dispatcher: deploy call agent • Name Mapping Service – Mapping between iUID (Iceberg Unique ID) and service end point • Preference Registry – Contains user profile:service subscription, configuration. customization • Person Activity Tracker (PAT) – Tracks dynamic information about user of interest • Automatic Path Creation Service – Creates datapath among participants’ communications devices

24

Transformation and Redirection

Cellular Network GW GW Pager IAP IAP IP Core IAP Agent H.323

GW PSTN GW WLAN

25

ICEBERG Signaling System

• Signaling System – Distributed system w/agents communicating via signaling protocol for call setup, routing, & control • ICEBERG Basic Call Service – Communication of two or more call participants using any number of communication devices via any kind of media – If call participant uses more than one devices, must be used synchronously • Basic Approach – Loosely coupled, soft state-based signaling protocol w/group communication – Call Session: a collection of call agents that communicate with each other

26

Signaling: Call Session Establishment

Alice 1 IAP 2 3 Carol 16 IAP 15 iPOP Call Agent Dispatcher 3 Call Agent iPOP Call Agent Dispatcher Call Agent 13 4 12 14 iPOP Call Agent Dispatcher 5 Call Agent 7 10 11 Name Mapping Service Preference Registry Bob 8 9 IAP 6

27

Signaling: Call Control

• Call Control – Refers to control protocol in an established call session – Involves altering & propagating call states in the call session, and modifying the datapath correspondingly • Call States – Call party identities, communication devices in use & their call status, and datapath information on data streams involved • Challenge – Reliable propagation of call state changes to call agents, given highly dynamic call session environment » Adapt as session membership changes » New member must be able obtain current session state

28

ICEBERG Approach for Call Control

• Call Session – Abstraction of shared communication channel – Level of indirection to hide identity and location of call session members (I.e., call agents) – Adapt to membership change • Call State – Soft state-based – Maintained by each call agent in a session

29

Light-Weight Call Session

Call Agent Call State Table Announce Listen Create/tear down data path Call Session Data Path Table Add or remove path Call Agent Announce Call Agent Listen Create/tear down data path Auto Path Creation

30

Datapath Simplification

• Separate data from control – Isolate datapath creation from signaling – Encapsulates media negotiation • Powerful enabler for any-to-any communication in ICEBERG due to its flexible composability • Current use immature and ad-hoc – Operator with reference count – Operator description: what and where to run or cleanup – Who gets to create path

31

Signaling: Fault Detection and Recovery

• Ninja Distributed Service Environment – Run all Iceberg components on Ninja Base • Advantageous separation of iPOP and IAP – IAP: network specific gateways likely maintain hard state; Gateways are responsible for maintenance – iPOP: light-weight call session is the key • Detection – IAP and iPOP send heartbeats to each other – Loss of heartbeat implies loss of life

32

Conference Call: First Class Service

• Redefining conference call – Call between at least two call parties with at least three communication devices • Conference call operations are building blocks for services – Add a communication endpoint – Remove a communication endpoint • Simplify implementation of services that require communication endpoint changes – Change an endpoint = remove + add

33

Example: Service Handoff

• Service handoff occurs when users switch communication devices in midst of call session • Enables service mobility • Service handoff is: – Generalized call transfer – Special case of conference call » User uses one device to invite another device » Then hangs up the first device

34

Service Handoff Scenario: Cell Phone to Laptop

handoff from cell phone to VAT Cell phone turned off Caller IAP Start announce Caller IAP2 announce Listen announce Multicast Session Callee IAP Listen

35

Service Handoff Scenario

handoff from cell phone to VAT Cell phone turned off Caller IAP Caller IAP2 Callee IAP announce Listen Start new IAP Multicast Session announce Listen • Simple reliability scheme • IAP fault tolerant • Simultaneous service handoff • Multiparty calls trivial • Security through encryption

36

Comparison with SIP, H.323

• SIP Differences – Group vs. pairwise communication for signaling – Light-weight session vs. tightly coupled session • Our Advantages – Adaptive to dynamic call session (i.e., call session membership change, protocol agent fault recovery) – Simplicity in service implementation • H.323 Problems – Complexity: no clean separation of component protocols; many options for doing a single task – Extensibility: requires full backward compatibility; each codec is centrally registered and standardized; not modular – Scalability: stateful (depends on TCP); central control for conference call – Services: cannot express preferences

37

Implementation and Current Status

• Prototype system built on Ninja iSpace using Java (~5000 line code) • Thread programming model rather than event driven -- implicit state machine • Conference call service operational • Service handoff now being implemented (between PSTN, GSM, WaveLAN) • LDAP for the Name Mapping Service • Preference Registry: forms-based specification yielding Perl scripts

38

Outline

• Motivation • It’s all about Services • The ICEBERG Project • Summary and Conclusions • New Project: Endeavour Expedition

39

Data Plane Ninja Execution Environment

Summary

Operators Connectors Paths APC IAP PRLS PAT Bases Active Proxies Units Control Plane

40

Conclusions

• Emerging Network-centric Distributed Architecture spanning processing and access • Open, composable services architecture--the wide-area “operating system” of the 21st Century • Beyond the desktop PC: information appliances supported by infrastructure services--multicast real time media plus proxies for any-to-any format translation and delivery to diverse devices • Common network core: optimized for data, based on IP, enabling packetized voice, supporting user, terminal, and service mobility

41

Outline

• Motivation • It’s all about Services • The ICEBERG Project • Summary and Conclusions • New Project: Endeavour Expedition

42

Why “Endeavour”?

• DARPA BAA 99-07: Information Technology Expeditions • To strive or reach; a serious determined effort (Webster’s 7th New Collegiate Dictionary); British spelling • Captain Cook’s ship from his first voyage of exploration of the great unknown of his day: the southern Pacific Ocean (1768-1771).

– These voyages brought brought more land and wealth to the British Empire than any military campaign – Cook’s lasting contribution: comprehensive knowledge of the people, customs, and ideas that lay across the sea – “He left nothing to his successors other than to marvel at the completeness of his work”

43

Expedition Goals

• Enhancing human understanding through information technology – Dramatically more convenient for people to interact with information, devices, and other people – Supported by a “planetary-scale” Information Utility » Stress tested by challenging applications in decision making and learning » New methodologies for design, construction, and administration of systems of unprecedented scale and complexity – Figure of merit: how effectively we amplify and leverage human intellect • A pervasive Information Utility, based on “fluid systems technology” to enable new approaches for problem solving & learning

44

Expedition Assumptions

• Human time and attention, not processing or storage, are the limiting factors • Givens: – Vast diversity of computing devices (PDAs, cameras, displays, sensors, actuators, mobile robots, vehicles); No such thing as an “average” device – Unlimited storage: everything that can be captured, digitized, and stored, will be – Every computing device is connected in proportion to its capacity – Devices are predominately compatible rather than incompatible (plug-and-play enabled by on-the-fly translation/adaptation)

45

Expedition Challenges

• Personal Information Mgmt is the Killer App – Not corporate processing but management, analysis, aggregation, dissemination, filtering for the individual • People Create Knowledge, not Data – Not management/retrieval of explicitly entered information, but automated extraction and organization of daily activities • Information Technology as a Utility – Continuous service delivery, on a planetary-scale, on top of a highly dynamic information base • Beyond the Desktop – Community computing: infer relationships among information, delegate control, establish authority

46

Interdisciplinary, Technology Centered Expedition Team

• Alex Aiken, PL • Eric Brewer, OS • John Canny, AI • David Culler, OS/Arch • Joseph Hellerstein, DB • Michael Jordan, Learning • Anthony Joseph, OS • Randy Katz, Nets • John Kubiatowicz, Arch • James Landay, UI • Jitendra Malik, Vision • George Necula, PL • Christos Papadimitriou, Theory • David Patterson, Arch • Kris Pister, Mems • Larry Rowe, MM • Alberto Sangiovanni Vincentelli, CAD • Doug Tygar, Security • Robert Wilensky, DL/AI

47

Expedition Approach

• Information Devices – Beyond desktop computers to MEMS-sensors/actuators with capture/display to yield enhanced activity spaces • Information Utility • Information Applications – High Speed/Collaborative Decision Making and Learning – Augmented “Smart” Spaces: Rooms and Vehicles • Design Methodology – User-centric Design with HW/SW Co-design; – Formal methods for safe and trustworthy decomposable and reusable components “Fluid”, Network-Centric System Software – Partitioning and management of state between soft and persistent state – Data processing placement and movement – Component discovery and negotiation – Flexible capture, self organization, and re-use of information

48

High Speed Decision Making Learning Collaboration Spaces E-Book Vehicles Info Appliances Human Activity Capture Event Modeling Generalized UI Support Transcoding, Filtering, Aggregating Statistical Processing/Inference Negotiated APIs Interface Contracts Proxy Agents Self-Organizing Data Wide-area Search & Index Nomadic Data & Processing Wide-Area Data & Processing Automated Duplication Movement & Positioning Distributed Cache Management Stream- and Path-Oriented Processing & Data Mgmt Non-Blocking RMI Soft-/Hard-State Partitioning Applications Information Utility PDA Laptop Wallmount Display Camera Handset Smartboard MEMS Sensor/Actuator/Locator Information Devices

49

D e s I g n M e t h o d o l o g y Applications Rapid Decision Making, Learning, Smart Spaces: Collaboration Rooms, Classrooms, Vehicles Information Utility Fluid Software, Cooperating Components, Diverse Device Support, Sensor-Centric Data Mgmt, Always Available, Tacit Information Exploitation (event modeling) Information Devices MEMS Sensors/Actuators, Smart Dust, Radio Tags, Cameras, Displays, Communicators, PDAs Base Program Option 1: Sys Arch for Diverse Devices Option 2: Oceanic Data Utility Option 3: Capture and Re-Use Option 4: Negotiation Arch for Cooperation Option 5: Tacit Knowledge Infrastructure Option 6: Classroom Testbed Option 7: Scalable Heterogeneous Component-Based Design

Organization: The Expedition Cube

50

Putting It All Together

1. Diverse Devices 2. Data Utility 3. Capture/Reuse 4. Negotiation 5. Tacit Knowledge 6. Classroom 7. Design Methods 8. Scale-up Devices Component Discovery & Negotiation Fluid Software Utility Info Extract/Re-use Self-Organization Applications Group Decision Making Learning

51