Transcript Slide 1

Pre-Columbus Native Americans
ANNA BENKESER
CLAIRE ADAIR
ALLISON FRAGA
KEVIN ASSI
LUCAS FORNASINI
CHARLOTTE GOGUILLON
LORHA BALOI
AGRICULTURE
South West : Hopi
 Maize agriculture
 Beans, squash, and tobacco
 Agriculturists
 Intercropping / multiple cropping
 Land was not private property
 Tools:

Blades of stone, oyster, mussel shell, fishbone, or
wood
Eastern Woodlands : Cherokee
 Women  tended gardens and harvest (beans,
corn, pumpkin, squash and tobacco )
 Berries, corn, fish, meat and squash  dried for
winter
 The fertile soil + humid climate  agriculture as
main economic resource
Plains : Blackfoot
 Mostly nomads
 Followed bison
 Some small tribes raised corn and tobacco
 Women  tended crops, stored surplus in jug-
shaped pits
 Used floodplain terraces for cropland
North West Coast : Tlingit
 “The three sisters”
 corn, squash and beans  most cultivated crops
 Women tended harvest of crops (jug-shaped pits)
 Beans, squash, and tobacco
FOOD
South West
 Mammoths  bison
 No fruits
 Quinoa, barley, and maize
 Hopi:
 Spice-rubbed
buffalo tenderloin
 Dried chilies  pastes and dry rubs
Eastern Woodlands
 Amaranth, sumpweed, little barley, maygrass, and
sunflowers
 Deer
 Rabbits
 Salmon
Plains
 Elk, antelope, bison
 No fresh fruit / vegetables
 Grains and wild rice
 Stock up on food for winter
 Blackfoot:
 Stuffed squash  wild beans and rice
North West Coast
 Salmon, shell fish, sea mammals
 Summer  berries
 Drier areas  general grains
CLOTHING
South West
 Women:
Cotton or wool dresses (one shoulder free)
 Embroidered cotton or wool shawls & sashes
 Wool robes and high moccasins boots. (winter)

 Men:
Kilts of cotton
 Ankle-high moccasins
 Wool or cotton blankets (winter)
 Branded cotton sashes (around waist)
 Rabbit-fur and turkey-feather robes

Eastern Woodlands
 Women:
 Clothing from deerskins
 Plants woven into material
 Short skirts
 Men:
 Breechcloths
 Leggings
 Moccasins
 Painted and tattooed bodies
 Rabbit fur/ turkey feather capes for warmth (winter) decorated
with dyed porcupine quills
 Jewelry made of bones and teeth.
Plains
 Women:
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clothing from buffalo hides & deerskin
breech clouts (young girls)
loosely-fitting, long-sleeved dresses stitched together with deerskin
and decorated with fringe, beads, & small pieces of metal
 Men:
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Age 10  breech clouts
Robes and high boots made from buffalo hides (winter)
Both men and women painted their bodies, faces, and scalps with
brightly colored paints
Pierced their ears
Long hair
North West Coast
 Women:
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
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Fringed cedar-bark or goatskin skirts
Fiber string aprons
Basketry hats
Rain capes
Sleeveless jackets
Skin robes
Tattooed their chins
 Men:
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Basketry or fur hats
Fiber rain capes & skin robes
Breech clouts
Tattooed arms & hands for measuring dentalium (a shell that was
strung together and used as money)
TRADITIONS
South West
 Strict water rules
 Ceremonies to praise Great Spirit / ask for rain
 Kuchina dolls  spirits who returned with the clouds
and rain to help their people
 Naming child  very important
 Everyone in village made suggestions
 Parents would not name baby, reserved for
tribal / village leaders
Eastern Woodlands
 Ceremonial musical instruments:
 Drums, gourd rattles, and turtle shell rattles (leg
shackles)
 Stomp dancing  around sacred fire or “square”
 Sacred fire  7 types of wood  7 clans
 New Moon Ceremony (August)  New Years
 Dancing
to water”
 Giving thanks
 “Going
Plains
 Potlatch
 Hundreds
of people
 Show of wealth
 Giving of food / gifts
 Lasted up to 10 days
North West Coast
 Totem poles:
 Carver
was well respected and had some contact
with spirits
 Humans / animals / magical creatures
 Different types include:
1. House hold totem poles
2. Representative of individual clans
RELIGION
South West
 Shrines / temples
 Full time religious leaders
 The “Almighty” = formless and exists in the universe
 Sun  symbol of power of the Almighty
 Afterlife:
 Souls
go to a new part of the universe
 Resume everyday activities
Eastern Woodlands
 Ceremonies held in temples at the top of mounds
(closer to heaven)
 Burial mounds  “grave goods”
 Leader of mound builders  “Great Sun”
 “Southern Cult”
 Human sacrifice
 Drawings of spiders / woodpeckers were thought to
have special powers
Plains
 No single religion
 Animist  all things posses spirits
 All worshiped the “Great Spirit”
 Mother Earth
 Spirits worshiped daily
 Sun Dance  self sacrifice
North West Coast
 Salmon  supernatural beings who sacrificed
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themselves for mankind
First Salmon Ceremony
People sought individual contact with a spirit-being
 “vision quest”
Spirit Dances performed in winter
Shamanism  power to cause infirmities / cure
them
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
South West
 Monogamist (one “mate”)
 High status of women
 Women can divorce easily
 Houses and garden are property of women
 Children belong to the mother
 Women  domestic duties
 Government decisions controlled by the priesthood
Eastern Woodlands
 Matriarchal
 Men  hunting, war, and diplomacy
 Woman  farming, property, and family

Girls  warriors and healers
 Marriage within clan forbidden
 No punishment for divorce / adultery
 White/peace government
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Elders representing 7 clans
Concerns of the city, healing, purification, prayer
 Red/war government
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
Chief & council
Celebrations, victory dances, war/military tasks
Plains
 Men  hunters
 Women  sew, tend children, tools, tipi
 Band Chief
 Advise council of Elders
North West Coast
 Clans / family members ranked by wealth, ancestry,
and morality
 Matrilineal  tracing decent through female side
 Oldest man in family group  head of family  head
of clan
 4 level loose class system:
1. Elites  wealthiest members
2. Respectable members
3. Former slaves
4. Slaves / war captives
TRADING
South West
 Traded turquoise with the Mesoamericans  for
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parrot feathers, copper bells, corn, beans, squash,
and cotton
Traded extensively with Mexico
The Hohokam  trade routes to California tribes,
South, Mesoamerican groups
Pottery, turquoise, cloth, and agriculture products,
receiving seashells, copper, iron, and birds
750 A.D.  corn trade over Chaco Canyon
Eastern Woodlands
 Agriculture  tribes more self-sufficient (rather than
traveling trade routes for food)
 Less time spent on agricultural trade  pottery,
projectile points, tools
Plains
 Fur trade (bison furs)  trade of
hunting weapons and skins
 Excessive hunting  scarce
bison population
 Nomadic Plains tribes  traded
buffalo meat and hides with
farmers for vegetables
North West Coast
 Traded within region and with the Athabascan tribes
in Alaska and Canada
 Alaska / Canada cold climate  thicker polar bear
 Northwestern Coast Indians traded their valuable
eulachon oil for the Athabascan tribes’ rich and
thick animal furs
 Haida canoes  high commodity for trading routes
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