Transcript Slide 1
Pre-Columbus Native Americans
ANNA BENKESER
CLAIRE ADAIR
ALLISON FRAGA
KEVIN ASSI
LUCAS FORNASINI
CHARLOTTE GOGUILLON
LORHA BALOI
AGRICULTURE
South West : Hopi
Maize agriculture
Beans, squash, and tobacco
Agriculturists
Intercropping / multiple cropping
Land was not private property
Tools:
Blades of stone, oyster, mussel shell, fishbone, or
wood
Eastern Woodlands : Cherokee
Women tended gardens and harvest (beans,
corn, pumpkin, squash and tobacco )
Berries, corn, fish, meat and squash dried for
winter
The fertile soil + humid climate agriculture as
main economic resource
Plains : Blackfoot
Mostly nomads
Followed bison
Some small tribes raised corn and tobacco
Women tended crops, stored surplus in jug-
shaped pits
Used floodplain terraces for cropland
North West Coast : Tlingit
“The three sisters”
corn, squash and beans most cultivated crops
Women tended harvest of crops (jug-shaped pits)
Beans, squash, and tobacco
FOOD
South West
Mammoths bison
No fruits
Quinoa, barley, and maize
Hopi:
Spice-rubbed
buffalo tenderloin
Dried chilies pastes and dry rubs
Eastern Woodlands
Amaranth, sumpweed, little barley, maygrass, and
sunflowers
Deer
Rabbits
Salmon
Plains
Elk, antelope, bison
No fresh fruit / vegetables
Grains and wild rice
Stock up on food for winter
Blackfoot:
Stuffed squash wild beans and rice
North West Coast
Salmon, shell fish, sea mammals
Summer berries
Drier areas general grains
CLOTHING
South West
Women:
Cotton or wool dresses (one shoulder free)
Embroidered cotton or wool shawls & sashes
Wool robes and high moccasins boots. (winter)
Men:
Kilts of cotton
Ankle-high moccasins
Wool or cotton blankets (winter)
Branded cotton sashes (around waist)
Rabbit-fur and turkey-feather robes
Eastern Woodlands
Women:
Clothing from deerskins
Plants woven into material
Short skirts
Men:
Breechcloths
Leggings
Moccasins
Painted and tattooed bodies
Rabbit fur/ turkey feather capes for warmth (winter) decorated
with dyed porcupine quills
Jewelry made of bones and teeth.
Plains
Women:
clothing from buffalo hides & deerskin
breech clouts (young girls)
loosely-fitting, long-sleeved dresses stitched together with deerskin
and decorated with fringe, beads, & small pieces of metal
Men:
Age 10 breech clouts
Robes and high boots made from buffalo hides (winter)
Both men and women painted their bodies, faces, and scalps with
brightly colored paints
Pierced their ears
Long hair
North West Coast
Women:
Fringed cedar-bark or goatskin skirts
Fiber string aprons
Basketry hats
Rain capes
Sleeveless jackets
Skin robes
Tattooed their chins
Men:
Basketry or fur hats
Fiber rain capes & skin robes
Breech clouts
Tattooed arms & hands for measuring dentalium (a shell that was
strung together and used as money)
TRADITIONS
South West
Strict water rules
Ceremonies to praise Great Spirit / ask for rain
Kuchina dolls spirits who returned with the clouds
and rain to help their people
Naming child very important
Everyone in village made suggestions
Parents would not name baby, reserved for
tribal / village leaders
Eastern Woodlands
Ceremonial musical instruments:
Drums, gourd rattles, and turtle shell rattles (leg
shackles)
Stomp dancing around sacred fire or “square”
Sacred fire 7 types of wood 7 clans
New Moon Ceremony (August) New Years
Dancing
to water”
Giving thanks
“Going
Plains
Potlatch
Hundreds
of people
Show of wealth
Giving of food / gifts
Lasted up to 10 days
North West Coast
Totem poles:
Carver
was well respected and had some contact
with spirits
Humans / animals / magical creatures
Different types include:
1. House hold totem poles
2. Representative of individual clans
RELIGION
South West
Shrines / temples
Full time religious leaders
The “Almighty” = formless and exists in the universe
Sun symbol of power of the Almighty
Afterlife:
Souls
go to a new part of the universe
Resume everyday activities
Eastern Woodlands
Ceremonies held in temples at the top of mounds
(closer to heaven)
Burial mounds “grave goods”
Leader of mound builders “Great Sun”
“Southern Cult”
Human sacrifice
Drawings of spiders / woodpeckers were thought to
have special powers
Plains
No single religion
Animist all things posses spirits
All worshiped the “Great Spirit”
Mother Earth
Spirits worshiped daily
Sun Dance self sacrifice
North West Coast
Salmon supernatural beings who sacrificed
themselves for mankind
First Salmon Ceremony
People sought individual contact with a spirit-being
“vision quest”
Spirit Dances performed in winter
Shamanism power to cause infirmities / cure
them
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
South West
Monogamist (one “mate”)
High status of women
Women can divorce easily
Houses and garden are property of women
Children belong to the mother
Women domestic duties
Government decisions controlled by the priesthood
Eastern Woodlands
Matriarchal
Men hunting, war, and diplomacy
Woman farming, property, and family
Girls warriors and healers
Marriage within clan forbidden
No punishment for divorce / adultery
White/peace government
Elders representing 7 clans
Concerns of the city, healing, purification, prayer
Red/war government
Chief & council
Celebrations, victory dances, war/military tasks
Plains
Men hunters
Women sew, tend children, tools, tipi
Band Chief
Advise council of Elders
North West Coast
Clans / family members ranked by wealth, ancestry,
and morality
Matrilineal tracing decent through female side
Oldest man in family group head of family head
of clan
4 level loose class system:
1. Elites wealthiest members
2. Respectable members
3. Former slaves
4. Slaves / war captives
TRADING
South West
Traded turquoise with the Mesoamericans for
parrot feathers, copper bells, corn, beans, squash,
and cotton
Traded extensively with Mexico
The Hohokam trade routes to California tribes,
South, Mesoamerican groups
Pottery, turquoise, cloth, and agriculture products,
receiving seashells, copper, iron, and birds
750 A.D. corn trade over Chaco Canyon
Eastern Woodlands
Agriculture tribes more self-sufficient (rather than
traveling trade routes for food)
Less time spent on agricultural trade pottery,
projectile points, tools
Plains
Fur trade (bison furs) trade of
hunting weapons and skins
Excessive hunting scarce
bison population
Nomadic Plains tribes traded
buffalo meat and hides with
farmers for vegetables
North West Coast
Traded within region and with the Athabascan tribes
in Alaska and Canada
Alaska / Canada cold climate thicker polar bear
Northwestern Coast Indians traded their valuable
eulachon oil for the Athabascan tribes’ rich and
thick animal furs
Haida canoes high commodity for trading routes
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