Ed Psych 6604 Modeling and the Social Cognitive View on Reinforcement and Punishment Spenser Artaiz, Lori Calabrese, Andre Celestino, Morgan McClain

Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory, 1977

Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action."

Social Learning Theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context.

A

SSUMPTIONS OF SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY

● ● People learn by observing others. ● Learning is an internal process that may or may not result in an obvious behavior. ● Behavior is directed toward specific goals.

● Motivation makes the difference in success.

● Behavior becomes self-regulated.

● Reinforcement and punishment have several indirect effects on learning and behavior.

S

OCIAL

C

OGNITIVE VIEW OF REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT

● ● People

form expectations

about possible consequences of a response based on how current responses are reinforced or punished.

Learners often base

outcome expectations

on existing patterns of reinforcement, non-reinforcement and punishment.

N ONOCCURRENCE OF EXPECTED CONSEQUENCES ● When expected rewards don’t happen, we perceive them as

punishment

.

● If an expected punishment doesn’t happen, people often

feel reinforced

for the behavior ● It increases the chances of the rule being broken again.

● Teachers must follow through on promised consequences.

E

XPECTATIONS

: ● are influenced by observations of consequences other people receive ● .

Vicarious Experiences.

●

Vicarious Reinforcement

: When we observe someone else being reinforced for a behavior.

●

Vicarious punishment:

When we observe someone else being punished for a behavior.

M

ODELING

-Humans are born to imitate -Starts in infancy -Mirror neurons in the brain become active when learners either observe others engaging in a behavior or when learners engage in that behavior themselves -Our brains are prewired to make connections between observing and doing -This enhances our ability to learn new skills from the social and cultural surroundings

3

TYPES OF

S

OCIAL

L

EARNING

Live

: real people we actually watch doing something.

Symbolic

: real or fictional characters seen in TV, film, books and media.

Verbal Instructions:

descriptions of how to successfully execute certain behaviors without another human being.

E

FFECTIVE

M

ODELS

Write the names of 5 people you admire, whose behaviors you would like to imitate in some way. Beside each name, write down at least one reason why you admire them.

C

HARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE MODELS

● ● ● ●

Competence Prestige and Power Gender appropriate behavior Relevant to the learner’s own situation

H

OW

M

ODELING

A

FFECTS BEHAVIOR

Observational learning effect:

when a child learns a new behavior after watching model

Response facilitation effect:

when a child displays a learned behavior more often after seeing model being reinforced for behavior

Response inhibition effect:

when a child displays a learned behavior less often after seeing model punished for that behavior.

Response disinhibition effect:

when a child displays a forbidden behavior more often after seeing model do the behavior with no adverse consequences.

S

UCCESSFUL

M

ODELING

• • Attention: the learner must pay attention to the model • Retention: the learner must remember what the model does • Motor Reproduction: the learner must be physically capable of reproducing the modeled behavior. • Motivation: the learner must be motivated to to demonstrate the modeled behavior.

T

HE

B

OBO

D

OLL

S

TUDY

The Bobo Doll Study

T

HE

B

OBO

D

OLL

S

TUDY Does the violence that children observe on TV, movies and video games lead them to aggressive behavior?

C

ONCLUSIONS Social Cognitive Theory

• • -Focuses on the learning that occurs within a social/cultural context ü ü -Learners observe new behaviors and skills from a model ü -They may demonstrate those skills or not ü - Social Cognitivists believe people and their behavior become self-regulated ü (thinking before you do). • -Reinforcement and punishment influence an individual’s behavior only if the learner connect the consequence to specific things he/she has done • -Successful modeling includes attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation

Q UIZ

Mrs. Purdue believes that using demonstrations in class will help her students better understand the concepts that she is teaching. Mrs. Purdue most likely believes which assumption of social-cognitive theory?

1.

2.

Learning by observation Reciprocal learning 3.

Self-regulation of behavior 4. Indirect effects of reinforcement and punishment 5. Goal-directed behavior

Q UIZ

Mrs. Purdue believes that using demonstrations in class will help her students better understand the concepts that she is teaching. Mrs. Purdue most likely believes which assumption of social-cognitive theory?

1.

2.

Learning by observation

Reciprocal learning 3.

Self-regulation of behavior 4. Indirect effects of reinforcement and punishment 5. Goal-directed behavior

Q UIZ

Bandura believes that human functioning is a product of the mutual interaction of environment, person, and

1.

Learning 2.

Heredity 3.

Goals 4.

Behavior 5.

Cognition

Q UIZ

Bandura believes that human functioning is a product of the mutual interaction of environment, person, and

1.

Learning 2.

Heredity 3.

Goals

4.

Behavior

5.

Cognition

Q UIZ

Emily is in middle school and tries to imitate her sister, who plays volleyball really well. This behavior fits under which characteristic of effective models?

1.

2.

Competence Behavior relevant to the learner's own situation 3.

Symbolic Modeling 4.

Prestige and Power 5.

Gender-appropriate behavior

Q UIZ

Emily is in middle school and tries to imitate her sister, who plays volleyball really well. This behavior fits under which characteristic of effective models?

1.

2.

Competence

Behavior relevant to the learner's own situation 3.

Symbolic Modeling 4.

Prestige and Power 5.

Gender-appropriate behavior

R

EFERENCES

Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Ormrod, Jeanne Ellis. (2014). Educational Psychology: Developing Learners (8th ed.). Boston: Pearson.

Nolen, Jeannette L. (2013). Bobo Doll experiment. Retrieved from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1567717/Bobo-doll-experiment

THANK YOU

Q

UESTIONS

?