Transcript History of Tourism in Queenstown

How does the cultural process operate?
The features/characteristics that result from
this process(what it looks like)
How has it operated at different rates in the
past, present and future?(temporal variations
and what makes it change over time)
How does the process act differently in
different parts of an environment(spatial
variations)
How has this operation shaped/influenced the
geographic (cultural and natural) environments
INPUTS
Meaning
The elements
needed for the
process to
occur, how they
interact and
their
characteristics.
PROCESSES
What happens
leading to what.
The stages of the
process (how it
operates)
OUTPUTS
What results from the
operation of the
process. This is what
you can see (spatial
patterns), impacts
(people and place)
and change (temporal
variations or changes
and the causes of the
change)
TOURISTS
Numbers
Origin
Length of Stay
Type
TOURIST
TOURIST FACILITIES
ATTRACTIONS/ACTIVI INFRASTRUCTURE
TIES
Natural Attractions eg
Lake Wakatipu
Cultural attractions eg
Gondola and Luge
Accommodation
Retail
Transport
Services
Look at the stages in the operation of the process. What happens leading to what next?
Initial Tourist
Attraction
Some people
visit
Tell others who
also visit
Facilities set up to
cater for
increased tourists
needs - supply
More tourist
attractions set
up to cater for
demand
If you map the attractions, accommodation,
CBD retail and transport facilities you will be
able to identify the spatial patterns resulting
from the process of tourism development.
Where is the core of tourism development and
where is the periphery? Is there a linear
pattern?
What are the reasons for this spatial variation?
Link it to history, accessibility, cumulative
causation, tourist type and needs of different
phenomena like those needing more land.
What are the patterns of each stage of the process?
When is the process happening at a fast rate and
when at a slower rate?
What are the factors causing a change in the
operation of the process at these times?
What was the trigger that made it move from one
stage to another?
Think of social, political, environmental or natural,
economic, historical, political and technological
factors.
What factors caused the changes?
Note-temporal variations can be past, present or
winter, summer.

Break this down into
 socio-cultural (eg trends, crowds, attitudes,
commercialism, cultural promotion, local iwi)
 political, local and central government (eg
visa and airport restrictions, planning zones)
 economic affects (eg jobs, investment,
transport).
 natural (pollution, eco-systems)
 Technological (bungy equipment)
 Include both positive and negative. How has
this effected the operation of the process
1 Definitions fill in sheet
2 What features/characteristics/elements/inputs
are important in the process of tourism
development in NZ. map of NZ attractions,
accomodation, amenities
3 How has this process operated differently in NZ
over time(past,present,future or winter,summer)
and why it changes over time colour code map for
3 time periods/ cut and paste of factors causing
changes. Circle patterns.
4 How is the cultural(people) and natural(places)
environment of NZ affected by the growth or
decline in tourism development fill in impact chart
A sequence of events has occurred that has
resulted in this district of the Southern Lakes
Region, on Lake Wakatipu, 310m above sea
level, prioritising tourism as a regional
economic activity that has grown over TIME
and has resulted in distinctive SPATIAL
PATTERNS.
Area includes Queenstown, Wakatipu Basin and
Arrowtown. Popular in Winter and summer.
“PURE INSPIRATION” is their theme.
NZ and Queenstown are not “stop and flop”
destinations but “touring destinations”
Of 2.4m international visitors to NZ pa, 1.5m visit
Queenstown plus 0.5m domestic tourists.
By 2021 expect 19,000 visitors a day (6,500
arriving by plane). Growth aim is 3%pa.
Key to growth is ACCESSIBILITY. There are 35
flights p wk from Aus. and 5 Air NZ flights from
Auckland a day.
CONSTRAINTS on growth are 1 no night flights
and plane size (737 and A320 carry only 150-170)
Aim for tourists to stay longer and spend more.
(Australians stay on average 5 days, Chinese 7
days.)
24% of visitors are 20-29yrs old (FIT’s).
1860’s gold mining boom
Attractions/activities – seasonal tourism –
summer only. Scenery, game fishing, hunting,
tramping – Ben Lomond, Coronet Peak and
Remarkables, boats on the lake taking tourists
Earnslaw (1912), The Mountaineer (1879)
- Isolation an issue – horse and cart as means
of transport.
Tourism industry – small – local/family owned.
Market – overseas visitors were wealthy – no paid
holidays during this time. Young people were
chaperoned by widows.
Domestic tourists were summer visitors from
Southland.
Infrastructure – 1863 first coach service between
Kingston and Dunedin – trip takes 4 days!
- 1878 railway built, 13 hours from Dunedin to
Kingston. Then get on boat from Kingston with
all supplies and chug to Queenstown Bay.
- Shanties from old gold miners evolved into
hotels. Eichardts (1880 premier hotel) had
electricity 40-50 years before the rest of
Queenstown because it had its own water wheel.
Regulators – the government introduced the
‘Lakes steamer excursion fares’ in 1927.
Subsidised fares to encourage holidays.
- In the late 1920s paid holidays were
introduced.
- 1926 Electricity in Queenstown
- 1929 – the depression resulted in the
government employing people to do manual
work – access around the Devil’s stair case.
Spatial patterns – shops and accomodation
concentrated around Queenstown Bay because
of accessibitity for ships.
Attractions/activities – 1947 Mt Cook Company
established first rope tow at Coronet peak.
Change-Became a Winter and Summer destination.
- Hamilton Jet created in 1950s. Kawarau jet
established in 1960.
- Gondola built (started as a road in 1960-61,
opened as a restaurant 1964, first gondola in
1967. 10,000 people travelled up the gondola in
the first 6 weeks).
Spatial Patterns - Attractions still concentrated
around the town centre, but dipersal becoming
evident to ski fields and Southern Scenic Airways
flights. First Winter Festival 1974
Tourism industry – Entrepreneurial feel. Private
ownership dominated with some company
ownership beginning. Gondola road built
‘60/61, restaurant added ‘64, gondola ‘67.
- Air New Zealand target the Aussie, Japanese
and American markets (1970s).
Markets – Increase in the Australian market as a
result of Trans-Tasman travel. Became a winter
ski destination after 1947 lifts built at Coronet
Peak.
Infrastructure and facilities – 1961 first TransTasman air service – Christchurch to Melbourne.
Famous restaurants like The Cow opened 1976
and still there.
Regulators – Government purchases most
hotels in the 1960/70s and puts them under
the ownership of the THC (Tourist Hotel
Corporation).
Period Three – 1980s – present
Attractions/activities – Queenstown Adventure capital
of the world! – bungy jump (first commercial jump Nov
1988 Kawerau Bridge attracted FIT’s. Now 350,000
visitors a year, although only 10% bungy ), heli skiing,
canyon swing, sky diving etc. Tourism attractions
diversify to meet bigger market e.g. wine tours (1980’s
first vineyard planted-1990’s wine tours began). “Soft
Tourism Industry – In the 1980s, the THC sold off the
hotels. Big companies e.g. Heritage, Scenic Circle etc.
bought them. Ngai Tahu – Shotover jet. Skyline
becomes a company.
Period Three – 1980s – present
Tourist market – young, FIT’s, 23 -30 years of age
and 50+ whose kids have grown up and left.
Wineries appeal to older, wealthier clientele.
Decreasing number of families (closure of
camping grounds, (owners don’t own the land
and rent becomes too high. Also, cost of storing a
caravan-$300-$3000pa.)
Increased numbers of Campervan tourists spend
$500m in NZ pa. Aussies biggest group. Overseas
visitors spent 89% of nights in paid sites (Nzers
75%) Estimated 5500 motorhomes in NZ, about
1000 too many.
1997 Asian economic crisis and Koreans (were
7%) disappeared. Subject to outside influences.



Became a 4 season destination: summer, winter,
spring and autumn.
Winter, can be 5,000 people a day on Coronet
Peak skiing.
Targeting Chinese for Spring festivals and
Japanese to see Autumn colours of trees.
TEMPORAL PATTERNS or VARIATIONS can be
1 Histotical over 3 time periods or
2 Seasonal over spring, summer, autumn, winter.
Infrastructure and facilities – International terminal
at Queenstown airport – 1990’s began weekly
flights to Sydney. In winter, flights to Australia
every day. Daily flights to Christchurch, Wellington
and Auckland. 2007 $31 upgrade of airport and
2011 upgrade. Jetstar, Virgin Australia and Qantas
begin flights.
Millenium Hotel on lake edge.
Spatial Patterns _ locations in and around
Queenstown developed. Regional growth. (See next
slide)
Regulators- Queenstown Lakes District Council,
DOC, Destination Queenstown.
Core, dispersed and linear patterns have developed.
Concentration or Core area in CBD with Earnslaw, Jet
Boat, Gondola plus luge, paragliding, bungy,
accomodation like Novotel and Eichardts,Park Royal and
Rydges, Pinewood Lodge, Southern laughter
backpackers.
Dispersed at Arrowtown, Remarkables, Coronet skifield,
Gibbston Valley Vineyards , Frankton, Kawerau Bridge,
Airport. Accomodation like Blanket Bay, Matakauri.
Many locals pushed out by high prices.
Linear along a) the highway 6A (Millenium Copthorne)
and b) Lake Shore
Periphery- Glenorchy-fishing and Routeburn Track.





Natural-lake shore core , some dispersed due
to fixed location eg Kawerau Bridge.
Historical- lake shore 1st to be developed,
Arrowtown dispersed due to gold mining
past.
Political-lake shore zoned for tourist
developments. Results in clustering/
agglomeration
Economic-benefits of agglomeration
Accessibility- linear pattern along transport
routes/Glenorchy an hours drive away.








Too many tourists- solution-bed cap but ski
industry relies on oversupply of beds to keep prices
low
Concerned with impacts on landscape of new
infrastructure and transport links
Wastewater plant needs to be extended and
additional resevoirs built for water.
Need more high yield visitors not more overall and
to smooth out seasonal troughs. Seasonality.
Overseas ownership eg Starbucks, Dotti, Portmans.
High prices generally
Safety
Access to wilderness areas-Milford dart etc
Accessibility increased when Crown Range sealed
2000.




Economic- for every 1 tourist job- 0.64 indirect
jobs created. 90% of jobs in Queenstown related
to tourism. Prices of land, rents etc incr. $31m
upgrade of airport. Median house price
increased.
Political- Council have to provide sewerage etc
but who pays when there are 1.3m visitors to
23,000 residents paying rates. Cant keep up with
resource consents.
Social-changes in ethnic mix of locals due to
migrant workers. Brazilian. Immigration debate.
Population increase . Traffic congestion.
Environmental- pollution, noise, sediment in lake
after rain, visual, CBD beautification 1/2m trees
and cobblestones, airport, jetboat noise








Change in tourist type- Japanese honeymooners,
Asian financial crisis, Sars, strengthening Kiwi
dollar, oil prices Aussie skiers.
Causes of change: early Govt intervention eg
excursion fares +, Destination Queenstown
1989,$1.5m from commercial rates levy
For marketing, 2001 NZ tourism strategy focus
on sustainable dev.
Cheap ski passes 2001/more snow making
machines
Air NZ flights to Shanghai?
Floods 199 bad, snow 2012 good.
Tourists perception of Queenstown
Development of adventure tourism
In groups, decide on the AIMS of your research.
Plan what, how, where and when you will
collect data for your research. Collect data.
Individually present , analyse, and draw
conclusions that relate to your aims.
Evaluate research.
When choosing your research topic, it must
have a spatial element. You must be able to
map some of your findings.
Check out what you could map in the following
ideas.



Friday, 7 December, 2012 Report reveals
campervan tourism is responsible for almost half a
billion dollars to the New Zealand tourism industry.
international visitors hired 53,710 campervans
during 2011, staying an average of 16.8 days and
spending a total of $447.9 million in New Zealand.
Domestic residents hired a total of 10,220
campervans during the same period, staying an
average of 8.9 days and spending a total of $38.1
million outside their home regions.
Queenstown has the second-largest
concentration of campervans in New Zealand,
after Auckland.


THL’s Chief Executive Officer, Grant Webster
said "Campervan tourists spend on items
including campsite fees, fuel, attractions and
activities and retail clearly illustrating the
value of this sector to community businesses
not directly associated with tourism".
Campervan company desks line the arrivals
hall of Queenstown Airport and new
campervan service depots have been built
near the airport in Frankton in the past 18
months.
Campervans may
be the bane of
motorists' lives,
especially when
stuck behind one.
Less spent on
Accomodation and
Restaurants.
Free camping
Congestion in CBD
Lack of parking




Proposed new casino by Sky City entertainment
Group with 10-15 presidential style suites. At
present on Beach St. and bets limited to $15,000.
Hope to increase this to $150,000 like Auckland.
Is there more to Queenstown than “adrenaline and
alcohol” Development of Soft adventure eg
mountain bikes on gondola where bikers have
access to 500 vertical metres of terrain on
gondola hill, trail park at seven mile, and
Queenstown trail. Ziptrek Ecotours have created a
flying fox where you travel at 70kmsphr.
Growth of golf business. Location of courses and
reasons for location.
Differing Perspectives on impacts of T.D. survey
tourism users to find their perceptions of
facilities/service etc/visitor satisfaction



Lake wakatipu is glacier fed, between 8-12*C,
rises and falls by 10cm every 25mins, the
result of an atmospheric phenomena.
Characteristics of rivers that make them
suited to many activities.
Impact and origins of climate variability.
In July 2011 newly installed runway lights were turned on for
the first time. Airport management expects the lighting
upgrade to lower diversion incidents at the airport due to
low visibility. Queenstown is the last major airport in New
Zealand to receive such an upgrade. The 2 million dollar
project included 34 transformers, 25 km of airfield lighting
cable, 124 lights, and was funded by Airways NZ [4] In June
2008, Queenstown Airport Corporation announced plans to
install approach, runway and passenger area lighting.
Currently Queenstown airport has only Precision Approach
Path Indicators (PAPI) available for pilot aid, so flying is
limited to daylight hours only. The installation of this
additional equipment could see flights arriving as late as
midnight, although proposed night flights are controversial
within the local community.
Gibbston Valley Vineyard
 1st grapes planted by Alan Brady 30yrs ago. Was
sheep, now grapes. Increased no of tourists for
tastings.
Restaurants like WAI, Botswana Butchery, Bella
Cucina.
There are 42 licensed premises in 1 square mile of
the town centre.
Local residents perspectives on growth of
tourism developments, especially areas where
it is ok and areas where it is not.
1 Aim(s)
2 Planning-what you set out to do
3 Collecting-what you did
4 Recording-table of results?
5 Presentation-map(s), graph(s), annotated photo(s), any
other ideas?
6 In your writing use geographic terminology (allocentric
tourists) and concepts(accessibility) and highlight them.
7 Analyse your findings-write a generalisation of what
each presentation tells you in relation to your aim(s)
8 Use secondary data to support or disprove your
findings
9 Use these to write a conclusion that relates to your
aim(s)
10 Evaluate the research process