Early Life Management and Long-Term Productivity of Calves M. E. Van Amburgh, F. Soberon, E. Raffrenato, J. Karszes, and R. W. Everett 272 Morrison Hall Ithaca, NY 14853 Email:[email protected]; cell: 607-592-1212

Overview of today’s talk

• Introduction • Discuss implications of colostrum • Briefly discuss nutrient requirements of calves • Emerging data about pre-weaning nutrition and future productivity • Summary

Questions of practical and research importance: Does early life nutrition and management affect life time productivity?

Does “programming” occur in neonatal dairy calves?

Is this the “permanent environmental effect” described by geneticists?

If so what factors are responsible?

How do we know? What should we be looking for?

Colostrum is the foundation for functional change

Factors in colostrum that can affect development: Ig’s – Immune system (transient and not necessary) IGF-I – local gut effects IGF-II – local gut effects Lactoferrin – local immunity effect in gut Prolactin – little data -good candidate for calves/mammary Insulin – local gut effects Leptin Relaxin – could affect the hypothalamic pituitary axis – humans, dogs, pigs – reproductive development Essential and non-essential amino acids Fatty acids – wide profile of fatty acids

Relatively new concept related to the topic of epigenetic programming in neonates: •Lactocrine hypothesis (Bartol, Wiley and Bagnell, 2009) •maternal programming extended beyond the uterine environment through ingestion of milk-borne morphological factors •milk in this case can include colostrum •In pigs, maternal Relaxin from milk stimulates development and differentiation of the uterus of the offspring by mediating the effect of estrogen on differentiation of stroma and epithelial cells and then proliferation

(Bartol, Wiley and Bagnell, 2008)

Failure of Passive Transfer Reduced Long Term Performance, Feed Efficiency and Growth Rates •Calves with FPT: - Delayed time to first calving (Can Vet J., 1986, 50:314) – Decreased average daily gain (Nocek et al., 1984; Robinson et al. 1988) –Decreased milk and fat production at first lactation (DeNise et al., 1989) – for each unit of serum IgG > 12 mg/ml there was a 18 lb increase in ME milk

Agway Field Study – Western NY

• ~400 calves were fed three different milk replacers at two intake levels • Followed calves through breeding • Post study evaluations clearly indicated Ig status was most important variable in predicting growth and feed efficiency • Calves with FPT (< 5.5 mg/dl plasma protein at 48 hr) had approximately 50% less feed efficiency – No differences in DMI of milk replacer or calf treatments

Inadequate Colostrum Intake Reduces Long Term Performance

Effects of Colostrum Ingestion on Lactational Performance, Prof. Anim. Scientist, 2005 Brown Swiss calves were fed 2 L or 4 L of colostrum and colostrum over another 6 to 8 feedings n Daily gain, kg/d Age at conception, mo Survival through 2 nd Milk yield through 2 nd lact.

lact., kg 2 L 37 0.80

14.0

75.3

16,015 4 L 31 1.0

13.5

87.1

17,068

Source of Colostrum Replacement Important for Feed Efficiency Calves fed colostrum or a serum derived colostrum replacement demonstrated differences in feed efficiency - no differences in IgG status

Variable

Total DMI, kg Milk replacer DMI, kg Starter DMI, kg Feed efficiency,(gain:feed)

Colostrum

N 15.7

10.7

5.0

0.43

0.40

P 14.9

11.0

3.9

0.36

Colostrum Replacement

N P 13.7

9.8

3.9

0.22

0.24

14.6

10.9

3.7

0.26

Jones et al. JDS 2004

Current work – Soberon et al. 2011

• Calves receive either 4 L or 2 L of pooled colostrum within one hour of birth • Half of the calves on each colostrum treatment go to either “

ad libitum

” feeding or to a restricted feeding • All calves are housed in a co-mingled pen and fed with an automatic feeder • Daily intakes of milk replacer and weekly measures of body weight and hip heights • Weekly blood samples

Current work – Soberon et al. 2011

Treatment

n Birth wt, lb IgG concentration, mg/dl Weaning wt, lb ADG pre-weaning, lb ADG birth to 80 d, lb Total milk replacer intake, lb DM Grain intake pre-weaning, lb ADG post-weaning, lb DMI post-weaning, lb/d

HH

Mean 34 97 2,746 a

172 a 1.74

a 1.72

a

98 a 5.5

a 2.4

a 6.4

ab

HL

Mean 38 96 2,480 b

140 b 0.93

b 1.30

bc

45 b 26 b 2.1

ab 6.4

a

LH

Mean 26 92 1,466 c

159 c 1.48

c 1.46

b

90 c 4.6

a 1.9

b 5.7

c

LL

Mean 27 95 1,417 c

138 b 0.86

b 1.17

c

44 b 21 b 2.0

b 5.9

bc HH – high colostrum, high milk replacer, HL – high colostrum, low milk replacer LH – low colostrum, high milk replacer, LL – low colostrum and milk replacer

Colostrum Take Home • There are compounds in colostrum that impact pre and post weaning feed efficiency (12 to 26%) • Regulation of feed intake or satiety is most likely influenced by colostrum post weaning and the combination of the two effects is for life.

•The data from pigs suggest the possibility of other developmental functions being affected by colostrum - reproduction

Pro-active Calf program goals: 1. Double birth weight by 56 days (minimum goal) 40 kg birth weight 80 kg @56 days 2. Calf mortality less than 5% 3. Calf morbidity (treatments) less than 10% Why do this?

Capture feed efficiency of early life Achieve breeding weight at an earlier age Potentially reduce AFC/increase BW@calving Increase potential for Internal Herd Growth Potentially increase milk yield and herd life

Nutrient Requirements and Compensatory Growth

• Many producers believe that calves can “compensate” from early life nutrient restrictions • Most neonates, including pre-weaned calves do not have compensatory gain mechanisms – Effects of early life nutrient restriction are difficult to overcome (immune system and normal growth)

Effect of feeding isocaloric amounts of 22:20 CP:Fat and 28:15 CP:Fat milk replacers on growth under identical management – data of Tikofsky et al.

150 125 100 75 50 Weaning weight Transition weight 22:20 28:15

Environmental and Stress Effects on Maintenance Requirements Calves less than 21 days of age are comfortable between 15 to 27 °C In New York, we spend at least 160 days/year below the lower critical temperature (15 °C).

The additional heat increment required to maintain core body temperature below 15 °C is approximately 0.022 Mcal/kg0.75/ °C, especially for calves < 30-40 d.

Environmental and Stress Effects on Maintenance Requirements

Based on Arieli et al. (1995) calves that are “stressed” produce more heat, for at least 14 days, than calves that are not.

Stress can be defined as transportation, significant alteration in temperature or a social and dietary change Energy output increased about 0.03 Mcal ME/kg 0.75

Equivalent to 0.5 to 0.6 Mcal ME/d for the average calf (~ 0.12 kg of DM/d)

Amount of Milk Replacer/Milk Dry Matter Required to Meet Maintenance Requirements (kg/d) 20 10 Temperature, ° C 0 -10 -15 -20 -30 BW, kg 27 36 45 55 0.27 0.36 0.41 0.45 0.50 0.54 0.64

0.36 0.41 0.50 0.59 0.64 0.68 0.77

0.45 0.50 0.59 0.73 0.77 0.82 0.91

0.50 0.59 0.68 0.77 0.86 0.91 1.05

Amount of Milk or Milk Replacer Dry Matter Required to Meet Maintenance Requirements and Gain 500 g/d (kg/d required) 20 10 Temperature, ° C 0 -5 -15 -20 -30 BW, kg 27 0.54 0.59 0.68

36 0.59 0.68 0.77

45 0.68 0.77 0.86

55 0.77 0.86 1.00

0.73

0.82

0.95

1.05

0.77

0.91

1.05

1.15

0.82

1.05

1.15

1.20

0.86

1.10

1.18

1.30

Nutrient Requirements

• In the last 10 years we have made remarkable progress in understanding the nutrient requirements of calves and heifers (body composition data on over 400 calves and heifers from Cornell, Univ. of Illinois, Virginia Tech and Michigan State) • Further, we have learned how to manipulate the composition of gain.

Nutrient Requirements of a 50 kg Calf Under Thermoneutral-No Stress Conditions

Rate of gain, kg/d ME a , mcal/d DMI, kg/d ADP, g/d CP, g/d CP, % DM 0.20

0.40

2.36

2.92

0.55

0.67

87 134 94 150 18.0

22.7

0.60

0.80

3.52

4.16

0.80

0.96

193 235 207 253 26.0

26.7

1.00

4.83

1.12

286 307 28.0

a 60% efficiency of use of ME; 72% BV of protein

Van Amburgh and Drackley, 2005

Effects of Neonatal Nutrition on Productivity and Mammary Development

• More data is emerging that suggests early life nutrient intake has long term impacts on productivity • Mechanism is not completely understood • Forces us to think about imprinting, cell programming, stem cells, and other programming events

Data that got me excited……

Study Response Bar-Peled et al., 1998 Foldager and Krohn, 1994 + 453 kg 1,402 kg Foldager et al., 1997 Mean response 519 kg + 790 kg Suckling/milk feeding studies – 6 to 9 L versus ~ 3.8 L milk per day

Univ of Illinois- 0.57 vs 1.0 kg Dry Matter Milk Replacer per day for 42 days Variable Control Enhanced Age at calving (mo) 24.6

25.4

Calving BW (kg) 580 Milk yield (kg) 9,020 581 9,856 Difference 836 kg Conducted over two years – some year interactions – 1,363 kg response one yr, 363 kg response 2 nd yr Drackley et al., JDS abstr. 2007

Effects of feeding ad-lib milk vs ad-lib milk replacer with or without additional protein from 150 to 300 days of age • Milk replacer (23% CP: 12%Fat – containing soy protein) vs whole milk to weaning • Basal diet post weaning was low in protein (< 14%) • From 150 to 300 days of age half of each group provided 2% additional protein (fish meal) • Calves fed whole milk and supplemented with 2% added protein produced ~ 733 kg more milk in first lactation (P < 0.01) Moallem et al., 2010

Milk Yield Response to Increased Pre-weaning Milk or Milk Replacer Nutrient Supply Study Milk yield, kg Foldager and Krohn, 1994 Bar-Peled et al., 1998 Foldager et al., 1997 Ballard et al., 2005 (@ 200 DIM) Shamay et al., 2005 (post-weaning protein) Rincker et al., 2006 ( proj. 305@ 150 DIM) Drackley et al., 2007 Chester-Jones et al., 2009 Morrison et al., 2009 (no diff. calf growth) Moallem et al., 2010 (post-weaning protein) 1,405 453 519 700 981 499 835 817 0 732

Summarizing Current Data

• Average milk yield response ~771 kg – Very similar to an average bST response in first lactation cattle – At $0.33/kg milk, that is $255 revenue – At $0.40/kg milk, increases to $306 revenue for first lactation – Need to calculate net returns – that’s coming

Using a Genetic Evaluation Tool to Investigate the Milk Yield Response to Early Life Nutritional Management Application of the Cornell Test Day Model for Calf Growth and Long-term Performance

Test Day Model

• The TDM is a method for evaluating daily production of milk, fat, protein and SCC more accurately than can be done by using 305-d ME lactation data.

• Effects of test day, age, stage of lactation, pregnancy, and month of calving are estimated from the individual and the herd mates and residuals (differences from the grand mean) are generated.

Test Day Model Data

• Analyzed the lactation data with the Test Day Model (TDM) – allowed us to control for year, season, genetics and management variation over the period of measurements • Generated TDM residuals for the lactation and then regressed the lactation data on calf growth variables • Same mathematical procedure used to estimate PTA, heritability, other production traits

The Cornell Dairy Herd

• We started feeding for > 2.0 lb pre-weaning ADG in 1998 • We have over 1,400 weaning weights from this data • We have 1,244 finished first lactations from this data (8 years of data) • We wondered if any calf measurement had any relationship to first lactation milk yield

Traits Evaluated

• Birth weight • Weaning weight • Average daily gain until weaning • Gain in hip height • Gain in wither height • Prepubertal ADG • Intake over maintenance from milk replacer

Cornell Herd - Effect of Pre-Weaning Daily Gain on Milk Yield

• The range in growth rate in the data set was 0.11 to 1.6 kg per day to weaning • Why the range in growth if the program is the same year around?

• A great learning opportunity

305 day Milk and ADG in Cornell Herd

• We used the 305d milk yield in a more traditional analyses. The model used accounted for year of calving. • Year of calving was significant (P < 0.001) • ADG was also significant (P < 0.005) • Using 305d milk yield, for every 1 kg of ADG prior to weaning, milk yield increased 706 kg in first lactation

Effect of Nutrient Intake from Milk Replacer on Milk Yield over 3 lactations – Cornell Herd Lactation 1 st 1 2 3 st nd rd to 3 rd # of animals 1244 Predicted difference in milk yield per kg of ADG, kg 850

P

value < 0.01 826 450 450 888 48 2,279 < 0.01 0.91

< 0.01 Soberon et al. JDS 2011, submitted

Test Day Model residual milk by temperature at birth. 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 0.2°C 10.9°C 16.3°C

Relative temperature at birth

19.2°C Soberon et al. 2011 (JDS submitted)

Effect of Nutrient Intake from Milk Replacer on Milk Yield over 3 lactations – Cornell Herd Lactation 1 st 1 2 3 st nd rd to 3 rd # of animals 1244 Pred. diff. in milk yield for each Mcal over maint., kg 235 826 450 450 108 351 903

P

value < 0.01 0.26 <0.01 <0.01

Soberon et al. JDS 2011, submitted

Cornell Herd - Effect of Pre Weaning Daily Gain on Milk Yield

• In this evaluation, 22% of the variation in first lactation milk yield was explained by pre-weaning growth rate up to 42 - 49 days of age

What this means

• The effect of growth rate and thus nutrient intake prior to weaning had a more direct and significant effect on milk yield than genetic selection for production • Genetic selection yields ~ 68 – 115 kg milk per lactation • Pre-weaning calf nutrition and management can yield 4 to 8 times more milk than genetic selection per lactation

What this might mean

• When we feed for more nutrient supply above maintenance, we are actually setting the calf up to be a better lifetime milk producer • Since “stayability” or herd life is primarily correlated to milk production, the implication is we might enhance herd life through better early life nutrition

What about Sickness, Treatments and Growth?

• The effect of diarrhea or antibiotic treatment on ADG was examined in the Cornell herd • Calves with diarrhea had reduced growth by ~30 g/d (P > 0.1).

• For calves that had both events recorded, ADG was lower by approximately 50 g/d (P < 0.01).

What about Sickness, Treatments and Milk Yield?

• 1 st lactation milk yield was not significantly affected by reported cases of diarrhea. • However, antibiotic treatment had a significant effect on TDM residual milk • Calves that were treated with antibiotics, produced 493 kg less milk in the first lactation (

P > 0.01)

than calves with no record of being treated.

What about Sickness, Treatments and Milk Yield?

• Regardless of antibiotic treatment, the effect of ADG on first lactation milk yield was significant in all calves (P < 0.05). • Calves that were treated with antibiotics produced 623 kg more milk per kg of pre- weaning ADG while calves that did not receive antibiotics produced 1,407 kg more milk per kg of pre-weaning ADG.

The Long-Term Effect of Early Life Nutrient Intake in the Cornell Herd • For the 450 animals with 3 lactations, the lifetime effect of enhanced ADG was 2,279 kg of milk for every 1 kg of ADG prior to weaning • Or 903 kg milk for every Mcal of Intake Energy over maintenance from milk replacer

Lact. Commercial Dairy Farm – Northern NY, 4 years of data N Pred. diff. in milk yield / kg pre-weaning ADG, kg

P

Pred. diff in milk yield / kg ADG from weaning to breeding, kg*

P

1 st 2 nd 3 rd 1 st – 3 rd 623 484 271 271 1,114 0.03 -526 0.49 1,293 0.18 1,286 0.51 1,168 2,720 2,875 8,199 0.10 0.01 0.05 < 0.01 *ADG from weaning to breeding had a coefficient of correlation of 0.94 with ADG from birth to breeding (

P

< 0.01).

Effect of Pre-pubertal Growth Rates on First Lactation Milk Yield – Foldager and Sejrsen, 1987

305 Day Fat Corrected Milk vs Pre-Pubertal Body Growth Rate 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 0.4

R 2 = 0.07

0.6

0.8

1 Pre-Pubertal ADG (kg/d) 1.2

Van Amburgh et al. 1998

40000

First lactation milk yield vs ADG birth-breeding

y = 8240,6x + 13481 R² = 0,2762 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 1 1,5 2 Average daily gain, lb/d 2,5 3

First lactation Milk Yield vs ADG from weaning to breeding

40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 1 y = 6613,6x + 15858 R² = 0,2601 1,5 2 Average daily gain, lb/d 2,5 3

Does feeding a calf better make money or return on the investment?

Cost of Conventional vs Intensified

Pre-weaning cost per kg gain, $ Total pre-weaning gain, kg Age at pregnancy, mo.

Age at first calving, mo Overall average daily gain from birth, kg Body weight at calving, kg Percent non-completion rate, % entering replacement program Total cost per heifer, $ Total investment per heifer, $ Conventional 6.01

29 15.4

24.5

0.74

612 10.2

1,738 1,887 Intensified 6.41

46 12.2

22.2

0.86

612 7.5

1,740 1,890

Cost Sensitivity to Various Outcomes Base Lower Calving Age Lower Non Combined Changes Completion Rate 74 69 Heifers to cows ratio, % Total rearing costs, $ Income per 76 1,736 68 1,739 1,701 animal completing system, $ Total investment, $ 1,900 1,900 1,900 223,142 202,348 217,508 % Return on Capital 0.87% 0.53% 1.75% 1,724 2,104 211,692 7.27%

Cornell Analysis of Profit/Loss

• Based on heifer cost study conducted by Jason Karszes • Cost of rearing heifer to calving was similar – calved ~ 3 mo earlier. Feed costs increased to offset time to calving. • With NPV discount on milk income assuming 817 kg increase in first lactation and change in time to calving, profit increased $211 • Taking into account the change in inventory increased ROI from 0.8% to 7.4%

Economic Comparison of Conventional vs. Intensive Heifer Rearing Systems

(with new higher feed prices, $250 calf, 8% interest, $18 milk) Michael Overton, DVM, MPVM

Denise Rich – therichartist.com

Outputs:

Net Results

(Initial Calf Value of $250) Calf Invest. Cost at Calving Average Age at First Service Average Age at First Calving Average Daily Gain

Convent. System:

293 14.0

24.7

1.52

Accelerted System:

288 11.3

22.0

1.98

Total rearing cost/ heifer (incl. interest + initial value + repro culls)

$ 2,163

Avg Cost/ Day

$ 2.88

Additional milk in first lact Culling risk - first lactation Additional milk value Net cost/ heifer 28%

$ $ 2,163 $ 2,111 $ 3.16 1700 28% $ 180 $ 1,932

Advantage for Accelerated = $231

To Summarize…

• With new feed prices, $250 calf, 8% interest and $18 milk: Net Results: (Intensive vs Conventional) Feed costs Labor costs Health/ vet med Interest cost Reproductive culls Other costs Total "dead calf" costs

Net Result (Savings):

$ 65.25 $ (14.66) $ (14.65) $ (28.42) $ (10.21) $ (20.36) $ (28.71)

$ (51.75)

• Add in value of additional milk during first lactation of $180, & the advantage for

Intensive Rearing ~ $231

Summary of Early Nutrition Effects

• Nutrient intake in early life impacts lactation milk yield - all data are positive to neutral • The mechanisms are not understood – but most likely a function of several factors • The data very clearly demonstrate that early life management enhances the effect of genetic selection for milk yield. • Bottom line – there is milk in early life colostrum and nutritional management

• • • • •

A Feeding and Weaning Strategy

1.5% BW dry matter from day 2 to 7 2.0% BW dry matter from day 8 to 42 (this is a management and economic decision) On a subsequent day (43 for example) feed 50% of previous day intake (4 vs 8 qts) – feed in evening – longest interval and coldest time of day On day 50 remove all milk Calves should be consuming ~ 1.5 to 2 lb/d starter by then