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Lactogenesis
and
Composition of Breast Milk
I. General Information
A. Embryologically: belong to integument
B. Functionally: part of reproductive
system
C. Modified apocrine sweat glands
II. Anatomy
Position and Attachment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Lateral aspect of pectoral region
Located between ribs 3 and 6/7
Extend form sternum to axilla
Surrounded by superficial fascia
Rest on deep fascia
Breast Anatomy
Structure, continued …
Secretory epithelium
a. Changes with hormonal signals
b. Onset of menstruation
c. Pregnancy (glands begin to
enlarge at 2nd month)
Structure, continued …
Vessels & Nerves
1. Arteries: derived from thoracic
branches
a. Axillary arteries
b. Internal mammary arteries
c. Intercostal arteries
Vessels & Nerves, continued …
Veins
a. form a ring around the base of the
nipple (“circulus venosus”)
b. External mammary v to axillary v
c. Internal mammary v to subclavian v
Breast Anatomy, con’t…
Nerve Innervation: derived from:
a. anterior & lateral cutaneous
nerves of thorax
b. spinal segments T3 – T6
Lymphatics
Subclavian
nodes
Axillary
nodes
Lateral
pectoral
nodes
Parasternal
nodes
Lactation: four stages
•
Mammogenesis
•
Lactogenesis
•
Galactokinesis
•
Galactopoiesis
Mammogenesis
From 24th week of pregnancy
Growth of ducts and lobuloalveolar systems
Hormonal influencesestrogen, adrenal steroids, progesterone,
estrogen, prolactin, adrenal steroids and
growth hormone
Lactogenesis I
Begins during pregnancy
Alveoli distend with colostrum
Lactogenesis II
Initiation of significant milk secretion at or just
after parturition- colostrum
Mature milk secretion begins 30-40 hours
postpartum and averages 1-2 ml/g of breast
tissue /day
Lactogenesis III
Milk supply is more firmly establishedautocrine control system begins
More the milk is removed from the
breasts, more the breast will produce
milk
Galactokinesis
Ejection of Milk
Suction exerted by the baby during
suckling
Contractile mechanism
Draught sensation
Lactation Reflex
Galactopoiesis
Maintenance Of Lactation
Prolactin
Sucking
Composition of Breast Milk (gms/100ml)
Sugar
: 7
Fat
: 3.5
Protein
: 1.2
Minerals : 0.4
Water
Calories : 67
: 89
‘Breast fed infants, are Healthy Infants’
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