Transcript Introduction to Nanotechnology

Introduction to Nanotechnology
GK12 Student: Kyle Barr
Professor Frank Fisher
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Stevens Institute of Technology
Web: http:://www.stevens.edu/nanolab
Email: [email protected]
Supported by: NSF Graduate Teaching Fellow in K-12 Education Program
Associated Institution: Stevens Institute of Technology - Hoboken, NJ
Length Scales: Another perspective
Richard Feynman - “Grandfather” of
Nanotechnology
• 1959 - Richard Feynman - Nobel Prize in
Physics
• “There’s plenty of room at the bottom” - an
invitation to enter a new field of physics
• Offered two $1000 prizes:
– Build an electric motor in a 1/64 inch cube
– Reduce a page of a book by a factor of 25,000;
read using an electron microscope
• 1960 - engineer claimed the first prize
• 1985 - graduate student wrote a page from A
Tale of Two Cities 1/160 millimeter in length
using Ebeam lithography
Morph: Concept video from Nokia and
Cambridge Nanoscience Centre
http://www.nokia.com/A4879144
Van der Waals force
• An attractive force between atoms or molecules.
• Not the result of chemical bond formation, much weaker
• Responsible for some material properties: crystal structure,
melting points, boiling points, surface tension, and densities.
Ref):http://www.lclark.edu/~autumn/climbing/climb.html
Nano-adhesion mechanism of Gecko
 Many hypotheses
- Suction: Gadow, 1901
- Electrostatics: Schmidt, 1904
- Friction: Madhendra, 1941
- Micro-interlocking:
Madhendra, 1941
- Capillary wet adhesion
Ref):http://www.lclark.edu/~autumn/climbing/climb.html
Gecko’s foot structure
Ref):http://www.lclark.edu/~autumn/climbing/climb.html
Kellar et al, “Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair,” Nature, 405, 681-685 (2000)
What are Carbon Nanotubes?
• Hexagonal sheet of carbon atoms (graphene
sheet) rolled into 1D cylinder
• “Classes” of nanotubes: SWNTs, MWNTs, and
NT ropes or bundles
SWNT
MWNT
SWNT bundle
Space Elevator (updated Oct 2008)
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A conference discussing space elevator concepts is being held in Japan in November 2008
Hundreds of engineers/scientists from Asia, Europe and the Americas are working on the design
Will take you directly to the one hundred-thousandth floor
A cable anchored to the Earth's surface, reaching tens of thousands of kilometers into space
Arthur Clarke's novel "The Fountains of Paradise" brought idea of space elevator to masses (1979)
NASA holding $4M Space Elevator Challenge to encourage designs for a successful space elevator
http://www.jsea.jp (website of Japan Space Elevator Association)
Nanomechanics and Nanomaterials Lab (Fisher)
Processing-induced Crystallization of
Semicrystalline Nanocomposites (Kalyon)
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting
(Shi, Prasad, ECE…)
Using nanoparticles + processing to promote preferred crystalline phases
Harvesting energy from ambient vibrations for wireless sensors
• Mago, Kalyon & Fisher, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 114, 1312 (2009)
• Mago, Fisher & Kalyon, J. Nanosci. & Nanotech. 9, 3330 (2009)
• Mago, Kalyon & Fisher, J. Nanomaterials 3, 759825 (2008)
• Mago, Fisher & Kalyon, Macromolecules 41, 8103 (2008)
• Challa, Prasad & Fisher, Measurement Sci. & Tech., under review
• Challa, Prasad & Fisher, Smart Mat. & Struct. 18, 095029 (2009)
• Challa, Shi, Prasad & Fisher, Smart Mat. & Struct. 17, 015035 (2008)
Nanomanipulation and Nanomechanical
Characterization (Shi, Yang, Zhu)
Polymer Nanocomposite Nanomechanics
Novel micromechanical modeling for polymer nanocomposites
In situ SEM characterization of nanomaterials and nanocomposites
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• MRI: Acquisition of an instrument for nanoscale manipulation and experimental
characterization, NSF DMI-0619762, 09/01/06-08/31/09, $326k
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• Fisher & Lee, Composites Science and Technology (to be submitted)
• Fisher, Oelkers & Lee, Composites Science and Technology (to be submitted)
Nanomechanics and Nanomaterials Lab
http://personal.stevens.edu/~ffisher
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Crystallization of semicrystalline polymer
nanocomposites (solution-processing)
MWNT-PVDF membranes with
enhanced piezoelectric 
crystal polymorph
• Piezoelectric behavior of PVDF
attributed to  crystal phase
• MWNTs nucleate crystallization, which
also controlled by rate of interdiffusion
of solvent/antisolvent (solubility
parameter)
• MWNTs to promote  phase
Mago, Kalyon & Fisher (2008), Journal of Nanomaterials, 3, 759825
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
nanocomposites
• Melting point of ~360 °C, insoluble in most
solvents
• Applications: aerospace industries,
membranes, coatings, electrical connectors,
fibers, etc…
• Solution crystallization via Benzophenone to
promote/maintain dispersion
PEEK layer seen on MWNTs
0.1 wt% CNF
Bartolucci, Mago, Kalyon & Fisher (2010), submitted to Polymer
Processing-induced crystallization of
semicrystalline polymer nanocomposites*
Shear-induced
crystallization
Complex viscosity
Mago, Fisher & Kalyon, Macromolecules, 41, 8103, 2008; Mago, Fisher & Kalyon, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 9, 3330, 2009
Pressure-induced crystallization
Nanohybrid Shish-Kebab
As-received CNFs
G. Mago, C. Velasco-Santos, A.L. Martinez-Hernandez, D.M. Kalyon, and
F.T. Fisher (2007), Proceedings of the 2007 MRS Fall Meeting, November
26-30, Boston, MA.
TEM of NHSK (nylon)
G. Mago, DM Kalyon, and FT Fisher (2010), submitted to
Macromolecules
*with D. Kalyon, Chemical Engineering, Stevens
Multiscale Engineering, Science & Technology @
Stevens: Research Clusters
Controlled Quantum
Systems
Center for
MicroChemical Systems
Cell-Biomaterial
Interactions
Environmental
Nanotechnology
Microreactor-Based
Pilot Plant
100
90
80
% As(V) removal
Multiscale Mechanical
Systems and Devices
76
70
56
60
50
40
30
24
20
10
4
0
6.6
15
20
Primary anatase crystalline size (nm)
134
Multiscale Mechanical Systems and Devices
Chang-Hwan Choi, Frank Fisher, Souran Manoochehri, Kishore Pochiraju,
Yong Shi and Eui-Hyeok Yang
Nano and Micro
Micro-Device Laboratory
Structures and Devices
Munitions Applications
Safe/Arm and Fuze Devices
Current & Future
Engineering Laboratory
Funding Sources
US Army Picatinny ARDEC, Air Force Office of Scientific
Research, National Science Foundation, NASA SBIR,
Department of Homeland Security, Naval Research Lab,
Industry, etc..
Vision
Large-Area Nano-Patterning
& 3D Nanofabrication
Nationally recognized doctoral research
training and technology development in novel
multiscale electromechanical
systems and devices
Multifunctional Nanowires/Nanofibers
PZT Nanofibers
1 mm
Nanostructure Morphology in Polymer Nanocomposites
ITO Nanofibers
500 nm
Nano and
Microfluidics
Laboratory
PZT Nano
Tubes
Active Nanomaterials &
Devices Laboratory
Nanomechanics and
Nanomaterials Laboratory
Environmental Applications of Nano
Other Applications of Nanotechnology
NSF website; March 1 2007
Applications
- next-generation solar cells (better capture
light; increase efficiency)
- coating LED’s to eliminate reflections (gain
efficiency to compete with other bulbs)
Other Applications of Nanotechnology
Top 5 Nano-Breakthroughs in 2006 (Forbes.com)
1) DNA ORIGAMI: Researcher: Paul W. K.Rothemund (Caltech)
The sheer simplicity and versatility of Dr. Rothemund's "DNA origami" renders it a revolution in nanoscale architecture. Rothemund
developed a technique to fold a single long strand of DNA into any 2D shape held together by a few shorter DNA pieces. He created
software to quickly determine what short sequences will fold the main strand into the desired shape, such as the DNA smiley face he built,
which is a mere 100nm across and 2nm thick, or his nanoscale map of the Americas. They sound silly, but these creations are proof of
concept: here is a method for building scaffolding that can be used to hold quantum dots in a quantum computer or proteins in a multienzyme factory, to name just a few potential applications.
2) NANOMAGNETS TO CLEAN UP DRINKING WATER: Researchers: Vicki Colvin and
colleagues (Rice University)
According to the World Bank, nearly 65 million people are at risk from arsenic-related health problems due to millions of contaminated
wells, especially in developing nations like India and Bangladesh. Now, a research team led by Vicki Colvin at Rice University has
developed a simple and inexpensive way to solve the problem. Rust nanoparticles, which have magnetic properties, bind to arsenic; the rust
and arsenic can then be lifted out of the water by nothing more than a handheld magnet. The breakthrough was the realization that the
manipulation of nanoscale rust would not require huge magnetic fields, as was expected. The unique properties at the nanoscale cause the
rust nanoparticles to act as one large magnet that can be easily drawn out of the water, leaving behind drinking water pure enough to meet
Environmental Protection Agency standards. The method, which requires no electricity or extensive hardware, will have a global impact.
3) ARRAYS CONNECT NANOWIRE TRANSISTORS WITH NEURONS: Researchers: Charles
Lieber amd colleagues (Harvard University)
In the first ever two-way interface between nanoelectronics and living neurons, Dr. Lieber and his team have created a revolutionary way to
study brain activity. Silicon nanowires link up with the axons and dendrites of live mammalian neurons, creating artificial synapses between
the two and allowing scientists to study and manipulate signal propagation in neural networks. The device can measure the brain's electric
signals with unprecedented sensitivity, amplifying signals from up to 50 places on a single neuron. It will allow researchers to accurately
model complex brain activity, pave the way for powerful neural prosthetics, and open the possibility for hybrid nanoelectronic and biological
information processing.
Top 5 Nano-Breakthroughs in 2006 (Forbes.com)
4) SINGLE NANOTUBE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS: Researchers: Phaedon Avouris and
colleagues (IBM's T.J.Watson Research Center; University of Florida; Columbia University)
This year, IBM unveiled the most complex and highest performance electrical circuit based on a single nanotube,
demonstrating the applicability of CMOS technology and paving the way for the future of computing. The integrated
logic circuit consists of 12 transistors made of palladium and aluminum tracing the length of a single carbon
nanotube. The circuit is hundreds of times slower than today's silicon processors, but t is 100,000 times faster than
any previous carbon nanotube device and has the potential to be much faster. Unlike silicon, it doesn't require
doping, which scatters electron flow and is far more heat efficient. Expect to first see these nanotube circuits in
hybrid nanotube-silicon computers.
5) NANOPARTICLES DESTROY PROSTATE CANCER: Researchers: Robert Langer and
colleagues (MIT; BWH and Harvard; U.of Illinois; Gwangju Institute of Science and
Technology, South Korea; Dana Farber Cancer Institute)
Here's one battle with cancer where cancer is losing dramatically--researchers at MIT and Harvard have customdesigned nanoparticles that hone in on prostate cancer cells and deliver doses of targeted chemotherapy. In trials
with mice, which were given human prostate cancer, a single injection of these nanoparticles completely eradicated
tumors in five out of seven animals, significantly reducing tumor size in the other two. The work may be replicable
for treatments of breast and pancreatic cancer, as well. Look forward to seeing these cancer-killers in human clinical
trials.