Transcript Microsoft Corporation. (2012) - Environmental Public Health Today

MALARIA IN CAMEROON – WEST AFRICA
Presented by Florence Angu
PhD Student in Public Health –Epidemiology
Walden University
Professor : Dr. Denise Feda
Summer, 2012
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Order of presentation (cont.)
Pathophysiology
Clinical presentation
Epidemiology
Malaria burden in Cameroon
Treatment
Prevention and control
Order of presentation (cont.)
Discussion
Questions and personal thoughts
Additional resources
References
Introduction of Topic
Facts about malaria!
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Purpose of presentation
Build more awareness of the severity of malaria
Develop strategic planning and funding decisions
Develop more efficient methods of eliminating the
vector.
Implement more reliable diagnostic testing,
disease surveillance and health information
Develop better policies and decision making
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Learning outcomes
By the end of this presentation, participants
would be able to:
Verbalize some malaria parasites.
Name the causes of malaria.
Verbalize the signs and symptoms of malaria.
Identify some mosquitoes breeding sites.
Identify methods of prevention and control.
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History
Important dates and figures
2700 BC Characteristic symptoms of malaria
first described in the Chinese Canon of
Medicine.
By the 4th century BCE, extensively recognized
in Greece.
1880-Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
discovered the malaria parasite (CDC, 2010).
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History (cont.)
1890-1897 Naming of the malaria
plasmodium.
1897-1898 Ronald Ross demonstrated that
mosquitoes transmit malaria parasites.
1898-1899 Italian investigators proved the
transmission of the human malaria parasites
plasmodium (CDC, 2010).
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History (cont.)
4000-5000 Advent of agriculture in Africa.
Before 1500 Malaria present in Cameroon.
1870 European settlement
After 1870 anthropophilic index of the vectors
of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa
21st century malaria and Cameroon
(Kakkilaya, 2011).
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Malaria outbreaks :
Nepal - 1999 1162 cases
Sri Lanka – 2000 72 deaths
Bangladesh – 2000 16000 clinical cases, 177 deaths;
In 2004, 8526 cases; In 2005 1087 cases and 14
deaths
Indonesia 2004-2005 18,812 cases, 87 deaths
Jamaica – 2006-2007 370 cases
United States- 2008 Almost 1000 cases reported
(WHO, 2012).
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Malaria transmission
locations
Malaria Outbreaks :
(CDC, 2012).
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The organism
I will feast on your blood!!!
Source: news.softpedia.com
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What it is !
Anopheles mosquitoes
Female
Single-celled microscopic parasites
Group- plasmodium (Atangana et al., 2009).
Veritable friend to the red blood cells (RBC)
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Pathophysiology
How this mosquito
infects human
beings.
Transmission
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Clinical Presentation
Source:
http://www.digherbs.co
m/malariatreatment.html
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Epidemiology
Prevalence- Affect 300-500 million people yearly
Incidence -At least 41% of total population/ year
Mortality - 1.5 to 2.5 million death yearly (
Atangana, et al., 2009; Ndo et al., 2011).
Morbidity- 40-45%
Nsagha et al., ( 2011) ; Ndo et al., ( 2011)
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Malaria burden in Cameroon
45-50% consultations,
23% of hospitalisation in children <5 years
40% of all death in children <5 years
26% of job absenteeism
65% of school absenteeism
40% of the annual health budget
(Cameroon Coalition Against Malaria [CCAM], 2007, Kimbi et al., 2010).
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Malaria burden in Cameroon
Malaria in pregnancy
60% of pregnant women suffer from malaria
It is 4 times more likely to strike pregnant women
than other adults
It has implications for both mother and child
accounting for maternal and under-5 deaths
(Cameroon Coalition Against Malaria [CCAM], 2007).
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Treatments
Antimalarial
Quinine
Chloroquine
Artemisinin
Pyrimethamine
Mefloquine
Sulphadoxine
(Mbacham et al., 2010); Nsagha et al., (2011).
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Treatments (cont.)
Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar) (SP)
Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone)
Amodiaquine (AQ)
Combination of SP & AQ
Anagelsics : panadol and paracetamol
Street drugs
Native drugs and medicinal plants.
(Mbacham et al., 2010); Nsagha et al., (2011).
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Prevention and control
Diagnosis and treatment of clinical cases (Ndo et
al., 2011).
Promotion of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs)
Insecticide spray/ mosquito coils.
Environmental sanitation.
Netting of doors and windows (Ndo et al., 2011).
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Prevention and Control
(cont.)
Malaria support initiatives:
CCAM
Roll Back Malaria
Government initiatives
Global Fund Initiatives
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Questions and personal
thoughts
Questions?
Personal thoughts ?
Contributions?
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Additional Resources :
http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquit
oes/map.html
http://nursewriter.com/2008/10/infectionmalaria_28.html
http://www.cdc.gov/malaria
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/e
n
http://www.who.int/topics/malaria/en
http://www.netsforlifeafrica.org/malaria/malariastatistics ( Malaria Statistics)
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References
CDC, (2010). Frequently asked questions (FAQs).
Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs/html
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References (cont.)
CDC, (2010). About malaria. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/
Kakkilaya, B.S. (2011). Malaria site: History of
malaria parasite and its global spread. Retrieved
from
http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/history_parasite.
htm
http://www.news.softpedia.com
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References (cont.)
Mbacham, W., Evehe, M., Netongo, P., Ateh, I.,
Miniche, P., Ajua, A., & …Greenwood, B. (2010).
Efficacy of amodiaquine, sulphadioxinepyrimethamine and their combination for the
treatment of uncomplicated plasmodium
falciparum malaria in children in Cameroon at
the time of policy change to artemisinin-based
combination therapy. Malaria Journal, 934
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References (cont.)
Ndo, C., Menze-Djantio, B. & Antonio-Nkondjlo, C.
(2011). Awareness, attitudes and prevention of
malaria in the cities of Douala and Yaounde
(Cameroon). Parasites and Vectors, 4181
Nsagha, D., Nsagha, S., Shey, C., Njunda, A., Kamga,
H., & Njamnshi, A. (2011). Knowledge, attitudes and
practices relating to malaria in a semi-urban area of
Cameroon: choices and sources of antimalrials, self
treatment and resistance. East African Journal of
Public Health, 8(2), 98-102
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References (cont.)
Cameroon Coalition Against Malaria [CCAM], (2007).
Fact Files: Malaria burden in Cameroon. Retrieved
from http://www.cameroon-coalitionmalaria.org/pages/fact_files.html
Bigaga, J.D., Manga, L., Titanji, V.P.K., Coetzee, M., &
Leke, R.G.F. (2007). Malaria vectors and transmission
dynamics in coastal south- western Cameroon.
Malaria journal doi:10.1186/1475-6-5
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References (cont.)
Atangana, J., Fondjo, E., Fomena, A., Tamesse, J.L., Patchoke, S.,
Ndjemai, H. N.M., & Ndong, P.A.B (2009). Seasonal variations of
malaria transmission in Western Cameroon highlands:
Entomological, parasitological and clinical investigations.
Journal of Cell and Animal Biology 3(3) p. 033-038 Retrieved
from http://www.academicjournals.org/JCAB
Kimbi, K.H., Nyabeyen N.H., Ajeageh,U.H., Keka, C.F., Asaah,
G.H. & Ngouadrjio, N.C. (2010). Overwhelming malaria
prevalence in Cameroonian school children. Retrieved from
http://www.ureddouala.com/download/overwhelming_malaria_prevalence_in_Ca
meroonian_schoolchildren.pdf