Transcript 12 - Goodheart

Chapter
12
Measuring, Marking,
and Laying Out
Materials
Objectives
• Distinguish between measuring, marking, and
layout tools.
• Lay out lines and geometric shapes.
• Transfer shapes to working material.
• Maintain measurement and layout tools.
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Introduction
• Accurate measurement, layout result in high-quality
cabinetry
• Squareness
– All corners join at 90 angles
• Marking, measuring, layout tools
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Marking Tools
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Pencil
Marking knife
Scratch awl
Avoid ink
– Bleeds into wood cells
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Marking Gauge
• Used to make parallel lines
• Adjustable head with steel
pin or cutting wheel
Patrick A. Molzahn
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Using a Marking Gauge
• Adjust head to appropriate width from edge of board
to line
• Place gauge flat on material.
• Roll gauge toward stock until pin or cutter touches
surface
• Push gauge away from you. Keep head against
edge of work
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Measuring Tools
• Measure lengths or angles
• US customary system
– Feet, inches
• International System (SI)
– Metric measurement
Lufkin Division—The Cooper Group, The L.S. Starrett Co.
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Rule
• Flat, flexible, or folding
• Centering rule
– Units extend in both directions
• Rigid folding rule
– Typically 6′ long
• Flexible rule or tape measure
– Measures straight lengths and curves
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Rules
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Slide Calipers
• Measure outside, inside
distances and depths
• Vernier scale
• Dial calipers
• Digital calipers
Patrick A. Molzahn
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Squares
• Uses
– Verify 90° corners
– Serves as straightedge
– Measure distances, angles
• Types
– Framing and bench square
– Try square
– Combination square
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Framing and Bench Squares
• Framing Squares
– 24″ body, 16″ tongue
– Forms 90 angle
• Bench Square
– Smaller than framing square
• Face and back contain
measurement scales, some
have tables
Stanley Tools
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Try Square
• Steel blade, steel or wood
handle
• Most reliable for accuracy
• Use to set up machinery,
check squareness, make
layouts
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Combination Square
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Measure distances, depths
Lay out 45 and 90 angles
Draw parallel lines
Locate centers
The L.S. Starrett Co.
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Combination Square (Cont’d)
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Tables
• Contain information for commonly used
measurements
• Brace measure table
– Diagonal measurements show length needed for
diagonal pieces
• Octagon scale
– Identifies critical measurements for laying out
octagons
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Brace Measure Table
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Octagon Scale
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Scales
• Customary and metric
measurements
• Square is useful as a rule
• With measurement marked,
square used to draw
perpendicular line
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Layout Tools
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Transfer distances, angles, contours
Sliding T-bevel
Angle divider
Calipers
Compass and divider
Trammel points
Profile gauge
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Sliding T-Bevel
• Lay out and transfer angle
• Can be used to set angles
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Angle Divider
• Two blades move outward
at equal rate from body
– Move from 0 to 90
• Numbers on body, index
mark on adjusting nut
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Calipers
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Transfer dimensions
Common types are inside, outside, hermaphrodite
Firm-joint or bow-spring
Used most often for wood turning
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Calipers (Cont’d)
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Outside Caliper
• Check outside diameters on
turnings
– Set with rule
– Turn material until caliper
slips over diameter
The L.S. Starrett Co.
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Inside Caliper
• Checks inside diameters
– Set with rule
– Turn material until caliper just
slips in
The L.S. Starrett Co.
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Hermaphrodite Caliper
• One caliper-like leg, one needle-like point
• Uses
– Locating inside, outside centers by scribing
intersecting arcs
– Marking parallel line on flat or round stock
– Copying a contour (coping)
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Hermaphrodite Caliper (Cont’d)
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Compass and Divider
• Compass has pencil point on one leg
• Divider has two steel points
• Uses
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Step off distances
Bisect lines, angles, arcs
Construct tangent lines or arcs
Scribe circles, ellipses, arcs
Lay out polygons
Cope contours
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Compass and Divider (Cont’d)
The L.S. Starrett Co.
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Using a Compass
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Using a Divider
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Trammel Points
• Makes large circles
– Two steel points clamped on
a long piece of wood
– One point may be replaced
with a pencil
– Size limited only by length of
wood
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Profile Gauge
• Copies irregular shapes
– Press pins against curved
surface
– Transfer contour to material
being cut
The Fine Tool Shops
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Layout Practices
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Marking points
Lines
Circles and arcs
Polygons
Irregular shapes
Layout rod
Story pole
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Marking Points
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Mark with V or arrow
Press lightly to avoid scratching or denting wood
Use quality rule
Have shop measurement standard to check
accuracy of tape measures
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Lines, Circles, and Arcs
• Use rule or square for lines
• Use marking gauge, combination square,
hermaphrodite caliper for parallel lines
• Circles and arcs use compass, dividers, trammel
points
• Set layout tool for radius of arc, locate tool point at
arc’s center, swing arc
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Polygons
• Triangles, square, rectangles, hexagons, octagons
• Use framing square and protractor for layout
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Polygon Layouts
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Drawing Polygons Using a Compass
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Laying Out an Ellipse Using String
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Irregular Shapes
• Patterns show how to lay out shape
– Half pattern
– Detail pattern
– Square grid pattern
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Patterns
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Patterns (Cont’d)
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Templates
• Permanent full size pattern used to guide tool
• Used when cutting shape multiple times
• Made of resilient material
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Layout Rod
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Record of often-used distances
Eliminates need to measure repeatedly
Marked with important dimensions
Surfaced on four sides
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Story Pole
• Marks locations of items found in room
• 1  3 lumber, long as necessary
• Second pole equal to height of room or tallest
cabinet
• Also marks electrical outlets, doors, windows
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Digital Measuring Devices
• Lasers
• Electronic calipers
Accurate Technologies
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Measuring and Layout Tool Maintenance
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Wipe clean with soft rag
Remove rust with steel wool
Coat with paste wax
Use paste wax to lubricate moving parts
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