Transcript Mapping Community Structure, Networks and

CDI Module 4: Mapping Community
Structure, Networks and Organization
©Jhpiego Corporation
The Johns Hopkins University
A Training Program on CommunityDirected Intervention (CDI) to Improve
Access to Essential Health Services
Module 4 Objectives
By the end of this module, learners will:
 State the definition of community used in “to roll out
community-directed interventions (CDIs)”
 Describe the purpose of community mapping in
building support and solving problems
 Explain the value of involving community members
in mapping their own community
 List the steps and activities needed to map the
organizations and resources in a community
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Community in CDI
 In CDI, we create a strong community-clinic
linkage
 We start our definition of community by
identifying all the settlements, villages, etc. that
are served by a primary health care facility
(catchment area)
 To make CDI effective, we work with each of the
smallest functional units of a community (such
as a kindred, clan, neighborhood, hamlet)
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Mapping
Mapping is:
 A very important component of almost all
practical situation assessments
 A joint activity with the community that can help
everyone involved learn more
All programs need to have a sense of where:
 People live
 The problem areas are
 The community resources are located
 Others are doing their activities
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Resource and Social Mapping
 Locating Physical Structures
 Health facilities and providers
 Schools, religious institutions
 Boundaries
 Understanding Social Relationships
 Existing organizations, associations, societies and
levels of activity
 Wards (sub-districts), kinship groups
 Utilization patterns and barriers
Communities are built from their social networks
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Why Social Mapping?
 In mapping, we are interested in our target
population—for example pregnant women—and
the people or groups with whom they relate:
 Pregnant women
 People pregnant women turn to for advice and
assistance
 Key members of social networks to which pregnant
women belong
 Mapping helps link people in need with the
services and resources they need
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Social Mapping Helps Make Sense
 Mapping provides useful tools for making sense
of social networks and behaviors related to
using services during pregnancy
 In this case, we are interested in:
 The size of the population group we are targeting
 Their utilization behaviors
 The places and persons to whom they go for help
 What attracts them to these people and places
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Mapping Is Not Just about Locations
 When community members
are involved in mapping,
they learn more about the
problems and resources in
their community
 They can visualize service
quality issues like access
and equity
 What can you tell about
the community from this
map?
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Components of Mapping
During the community meeting:
 Ask the group to list key persons and
organizations in the community that can help
promote the program
 Identify any potential road blocks or people who
might oppose the program
 Learn about the community’s past development
efforts and why these did or did not succeed
 Past efforts provide lessons on how to undertake
future efforts more successfully
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Map Health and Development Resources
Ask people:
 To name and describe the location of key health and
development resources that the community values,
such as:
 Healers
 Opinion leaders
 Medicine shops
 Local associations, etc.
 About major sub-divisions (e.g., wards,
communities, kindreds/clans and settlements)
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Map Resources for Women
 Specifically ask about resources—people and
organizations—to whom pregnant women go for
advice and help, for example:
 Where do they get advice?
 Are there women who regularly deliver babies?
 Where do they get medicines?
 From whom do they get financial, emotional and other
support?
 Take notes during the meeting
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Identify Women’s Associations and
Support Groups
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Use the Social Mapping Information
At the community meeting, encourage people to
use the information generated to help plan
program development, for example:
 Develop criteria for the best types of people to serve
as community-directed distributors (CDDs)—for
example, for malaria in pregnancy (MIP)
programming
 Determine sub-communities (e.g., kindreds/clans,
settlements, neighborhoods) that could form the
basis of selecting CDDs)
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If There Is Time, Actual Maps Can Be Drawn
and Kept with the Community
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Mapping Varies by Type of Community
Many factors influence a
community’s structure,
organization and
networks, such as:
 The status and
concentration of the
services in the area
 Whether it is urban or
rural
 The way people utilize
the services that are
available
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Rural and Urban Communities
Some Rural Issues
 Greater community
cohesion and identity
 Smaller and more
dispersed units
 Seasonal habitations
(e.g., farm hamlets)
 Generally poorer
 Can you think of other
examples?
Some Urban Issues
 Weaker identity and
cohesion
 More compact, but
people travel far for
work and social needs
 Financial gain often
supersedes other
social needs
 Greater divide between
poverty and wealth
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Chart the Mapping Results for
Malaria in Pregnancy
Community Resource
Specific Examples
Names of women leaders
Names of community subsections (e.g.,
kindreds/clans, settlements)
Names and locations of
health resources—public,
private, indigenous
Names of key women’s
social groups
Other special resources for
pregnant women
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Discussion—A Look at Other Issues
 Let’s think of another
health issue, for
example:
 Community
management of child
illness
 Food security
 Home-based care for
people with HIV
 What are the
community resources
we would need to find
and map for these
issues?
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Chart the Results for
Another Health Issue
Community Resource
Specific Examples
Names of leaders
Names of community subsections (e.g.,
kindreds/clans, settlements)
Names and locations of
health resources—public,
private, indigenous
Names of key social groups
Other special resources
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Summary and Conclusions
 Community members’ involvement in social
mapping can help them learn more about
problems and resources in their community
 Service issues like access and equity are more
easily visualized by community members
 Community participation in mapping makes
community landmarks and identity more visible
 Mapping helps link people in need with the
services and resources they need
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