Chapter 13

Theories of Small Group Communication

Early Research in Group Interaction

  Early work descriptive and simplistic – Phase models (phases of discussions) – More complex models of group process such as Poole’s multiple sequence model – – – Factor models cycles) (input—process—output) Unitary sequence path (orientation, problem analysis, solution, and reinforcement) Complex cyclic path (multiple problem-solution Solution-oriented path solution (activity centered on

Functional Theory of Decision-Making

   Gouran and Hirokawa Concerned with factors that influence the effectiveness of group decisions Formative Influences – Groupthink (Janis) – Interaction Process Analysis (Bales)

http://www.gamecareerguide.com/features/418/masters_thesis_chatting_in_.php?page=3

Functional Theory: Assumptions

 Boundary conditions (p. 232, Table 13.1)  Key functions include: – – – – – Problem analysis Establish criteria for evaluation Generation of alternative solutions Evaluation of Positive consequences of solutions Evaluation of Negative consequences of solutions

Functional Theory:

  Communication important in every functional step and leads to the predictions on p. 233, Table 13.2.

– Ex: Groups characterized by higher frequencies of communication analyzing the problem/task will arrive at decisions of greater utility than groups characterized by lower frequencies . Communication also establishes operating norms and procedures

Functional Theory: Tests and Critiques

   Generally supported, but some functions are found to be more important (e.g., assessing negative consequences of alternative solutions ) Research critiqued for emphasis on zero history and ad hoc groups composed of college students Seems to be relevant only for task-related groups and task functions

Structurational Approaches

  Recall Structuration from Chapter 12. Duality of structure structure are intertwined –

Reflexivity

– action and of human agents – Systems and institutions are enacted across time and space, through a variety of modalities 

Modalities:

Forms of “knowledgeability”   Operate at different levels (action, structure, institution) Modalities “interpenetrate” by “mediating” or contradicting one another

Structuration of Group Arguments

 Links two traditions: – – cognitive-informational: Argument as individual thoughts (cognitions) that group members present to each other social-interactional perspective: Argument is a language game (collaboratively produced in interaction) with rules and institutions

Adaptive Structuration Theory

 Uses technology to study group processes – GDSS (group decision support system)  Technology : – facilitates anonymous communication – equalizes participation – removes undue influence of particular group members

Adaptive Structuration Theory

 Appropriation : Group members adapt the structural features of the technology to their own group purposes – Faithful appropriation (consistent with spirit of tech.) vs. ironic appropriation (contrary to intended use) – There are a variety of possible “appropriation moves” (Table 13.4)

Symbolic Convergence Theory: Key Concepts

   Fantasy theme or story) : A “dramatizing message” that ignites group interaction. (e.g., joke Fantasy chain message : When group members “pick up” (add to) on a dramatizing Group fantasy (fantasy theme): Once “chaining out” has occurred, a sense of community & shared identities emerge

Symbolic Convergence Theory: Key Concepts (cont.)   Fantasy type prototype : Fantasies become linked with each other in group interaction, forming a Rhetorical vision : Fantasy types become linked at a more abstract or cultural level collection of fantasies (Master Analogues) – Righteous (right/wrong; moral/immoral) – Social (humanity, community, caring) – Pragmatic (effective, efficient, utility)

Bona Fide Groups

 The theories considered in this chapter have been critiqued on several grounds – Often task-related groups – Often zero-history groups (studies often use university students to constitute the groups)  Theorists have proposed a new approach: The

bona fide group perspective

(e.g., church & community groups)

Characteristics of Bona Fide Groups

    Bona fide groups have shifting members and permeable boundaries As a result, individuals within bona fide groups must deal with multiple group memberships Bona fide groups are highly interdependent with their context Embedded within larger organizational and institutional systems

 12 angry men: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8trh By2DLE&feature=related  Proexample (exercise): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eyWxj NECRBE&feature=related  Reality show group discussion? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0Z_t K_kodI&feature=related

Questions for Reflection

 What is the typical zero history or ad hoc group among college students?

 Based on what you learned in this chapter about small groups, is the classroom a small group?

– If some are and some are not, what makes them different?

 Can you think of any fantasy themes (e.g., joke or story) that have emerged in your social groups or classrooms?