EVALUATING INFORMATION LITERACY PROCESS MODELS

ISTC 651 CLAIRE DEROSE

13 Information Literacy Process Models

       PLUS Model 8Ws of Information Inquiry Louisiana Information Literacy Model for Lifelong Learning Big6 Research Steps to Success Stripling and Pitts Research Process Model SAUCE       Seven Steps of the Research Process Digital Information Fluency Model Super3 Seven Pillars Research Cycle Alberta Model for Teaching the Research Process

Category

Creator Grade Level Used

PLUS MODEL

J. E. Herring http://athene.riv.csu.edu.au/~jherring/PLUS%20mo del.htm

Middle and high Steps to Process Purpose  Location  Use  Self- evaluation  Additional Information - Emphasis on thinking skills and self evaluation - not linear (can go back to steps when needed)

Category

Creator

8Ws of Information Literacy

Annette Lamb http://www.virtualinquiry.com/inquiry/ws.htm

Grade Level Used Middle school Steps to Process Watching (exploring)  (searching)  wondering (questioning) wiggling (evaluating)   webbing weaving (synthesizing)  wrapping (creating)  waving (communication)  wishing (assessing) Additional Information -Similar to Eisenberg, McKenzie, Kuhlthau, Pappas, and Tepe - alliteration was added to stimulate student interest

Category

Creator

Louisiana Information Literacy Model for Lifelong Learning

Louisiana Department of Education http://mconn.doe.state.la.us/lessonplans/lit_model.htm

Grade Level Used All levels Steps to Process Defining/ focusing  recording  selecting tools and resources processing information   extracting and organizing information  presenting findings  evaluating efforts Additional Information - Each step is broken down into further sub steps and objectives

Category

Creator

Big6

Mike Eisenberg and Bob Berkowitz http://www.big6.com/what-is-the-big6/ Grade Level Used K- higher education Steps to Process Task definition  and access  information seeking strategies use of information  synthesis   location evaluation Additional Information -Most widely-known and widely- used approach to teaching information and technology skills in the world. -Not necessary to complete in linear order -Given stage does not have to take a lot of time

Category

Creator

Research Steps to Success

Sandra Hughes http://www3.sympatico.ca/sandra.hughes/sandra.hughes/research/researchs.html

Grade Level Used Elementary level Steps to Process Preparing for research  information  accessing resources transfer your learning  processing Additional Information -Recommends the Big6 for more detailed process model -Acknowledges the correlation between this model and a curriculum

Category

Creator

Stripling and Pitts Research Process Model

Stripling and Pitts http://slisweb.sjsu.edu/courses/250.loertscher/modelstrip.html

Grade Level Used K-12 Steps to Process Choose a broad topic  get an overview of the topic  narrow the topic  develop a thesis or statement of purpose  research  plan for research and production formulate questions to guide  find/ analyze/ evaluate sources  evaluate evidence/ take notes/ compile bibliography  conclusions/ organize information into an outline  establish create and present final product Additional Information - Reflection points direct students to evaluate the work they have just completed

Category

SAUCE

Creator Trevor Bond http://ictnz.com/SAUCE.htm

Grade Level Used High school Steps to Process S et the scene  a cquire  c elebrate understanding  u se  e valuate Additional Information -Uses Bloom’s taxonomy for higher thinking levels in the using stage -Learners formulate the information seeking questions during the acquiring stage

Category

Creator

Seven Steps of the Research Process

Michael Engle Cornell University Library http://olinuris.library.cornell.edu/ref/research/skill1.htm

Grade Level Used Steps to Process College Identify and develop your topic  find background information  use catalogs to find books and media  find internet resources  use indexes to find periodical articles evaluate what you find   cite what you find using a standard format Additional Information -Steps can be rearranged or recycled depending on topic being researched and student’s familiarity to the library

Category

Creator

Digital Information Fluency Model

21 st http://21cif.com/resources/difcore/index.

html Century Information Fluency Grade Level Used Steps to Process Additional Information 6-12 What information am I looking for?  Where will I find the information?  How will I get there?  information?  How good is the How will I ethically use the information?

“Digital Information Fluency (DIF) is the ability to find, evaluate and use digital information effectively, efficiently and ethically.”

Category

Creator Grade Level Used

Super3

Tami J. Little Mike Eisenberg and Bob Berkowitz http://academic.wsc.edu/redl/classes/tami/super3.html

K-2 Steps to Process Additional Information -based on Big6 -Teachers can use vocabulary that children understand

Category

Creator Grade Level Used

Seven Pillars

Moira Bent Society of College, National and University Libraries http://www.sconul.ac.uk/groups/information_literacy/sp/sp/model.html

College, graduate school Steps to Process Additional Information Recognize information need  strategies for locating  distinguish ways of addressing gap locate and access   compare and evaluate construct  organize, apply, and communicate  synthesize and create -combines ideas about the range of skills involved with both the need to clarify and illustrate the relationship between information skills and IT skills

Category

Creator

Research Cycle

Jamie McKenzie http://questioning.org/rcycle.html

Grade Level Used Steps to Process 6-12 questioning  planning  gathering  sorting and sifting  evaluating  synthesizing reporting  Additional Information -requires students to make up their own minds, create their own answers, and show independence and judgment - forced to cycle back repeatedly through the stages so the more skill they develop, the less linear the process

Category

Creator

Focus on Research: the Alberta Model for Teaching the Research Process

Dianne Oberg with Alberta Education http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla65/papers/078-119e.htm

Grade Level Used k-12 Steps to Process Planning  Information Retrieval  Information Processing  Sharing  Evaluation Throughout researching: Reviewing the process Information Additional Information -develops students’ metacognitive abilities -develops emotional literacy -invests time in exploration -supports students during their work -teaches role of librarian

Claire’s Three Choices:

Level Elementary Information Literacy Process Model

BIG6

Why

-clear, easy to understand - widely used and recommended

Middle High

FOCUS ON RESEARCH -has self-reflection at every stage of the process -clear, easy to understand, but with more depth than the BIG6 DIGITAL INFORMATION FLUENCY MODEL - guides students throughout the process with extra focus on ethically using the information found in research (important to learn in high school when starting to research more in depth topics)

Similarities and Differences

Research Step 1.

BIG 6

Task Definition FOCUS ON RESEARCH Planning 2.

3.

Information Seeking Strategies Location and Access Information Retrieval DIGITAL INFORMATION FLUENCY MODEL

What information am I looking for?

Where will I find the information?

How will I get there?

4.

5.

6.

Use of Information Information Processing Synthesis Evaluation Information Sharing Evaluation

How good is the information?

How will I ethically use the information?

Instructional Generalizations

 all three models start with a planning stage; place to organize thoughts  elementary model is the one with the most steps- is clear, and regimented to guide student(s) to success  while the elementary and middle models use broad terms that are more clearly defined in each model, the high school model uses more open-ended questions, to allow for individual interpretation and use

Poetry through k-12 in HCPS and MSDE Language Arts Curriculum

AASL STANDARDS FOR THE 21

ST

CENTURY LEARNER

 To inquire, think critically, and gain knowledge  To draw conclusions, make informed decisions, apply knowledge to new situations, and create new knowledge  To share knowledge and participate ethically and productively as members of our democratic society  Pursue personal and aesthetic growth

MSDE VOLUNTARY STATE CURRICULUM

  “In English Language Arts, the alignment of curriculum, instruction, and assessment is needed if our students are going to experience success. The essential English Language Arts that should be taught in every classroom throughout Maryland can be found in the State Curriculum. Teaching the curriculum in a way that helps students make sense of what they are learning helps them to view English as a useful subject as opposed to a set of rules to memorize. Finally, formative and summative assessments should reflect the instruction while spanning the various levels of cognitive demand in reading.”

Curriculum Used in Evaluation: HCPS

Language Arts in HCPS

 “The Harford County English/language arts curriculum, kindergarten through grade twelve, is structured so that students recognize the authentic relationships among reading, writing, listening, and speaking in the real world.  In child-centered, positive learning environments, students strive to master developmental and sequential learning expectations to become self directed, productive life-long learners.”

ILA in HCPS: Elementary Level

 “In the elementary Integrated Language Arts program, teachers model the processes of reading, writing, listening, and speaking while integrating instruction which supports appropriate expectations for the development of basic skills as well as higher level thinking and learning skills.  Teachers, students, and parents work collaboratively to accomplish instructional goals that prepare students to move on to the middle school experience.”

Poetry at the Elementary Level:

          Standard 3.0 Comprehension of Literary Text: Students will read, comprehend, interpret, analyze, and evaluate literary text Indicator 4. Use elements of poetry to facilitate understanding

Objectives:

Use structural features such as structure and form including lines and stanzas, shape, refrain, chorus, rhyme scheme, and types of poems such as haiku, diamonte, etc., to identify poetry as a literary form and distinguish among types of poems Identify and explain the meaning of words, lines, and stanzas

Assessment limit: Literal versus figurative meaning

Identify and explain sound elements of poetry

Assessment limits: Rhyme, rhyme scheme, Alliteration and other repetition

Identify and explain other poetic elements such as setting, mood, tone, etc., that contribute to meaning

Assessment limit: Elements of grade-appropriate lyric and narrative poems that contribute to meaning

IL Standards Applied to Language Arts Curriculum: Elementary Level (Grade 4)

Curriculum Objective

 Identify and explain other poetic elements such as setting, mood, tone, etc., that contribute to meaning

IL Standard (s)

 To draw conclusions, make informed decisions, apply knowledge to new situations, and create new knowledge

IL and Diverse Populations: Elementary Level

 Using the BIG6 with diverse populations:    students with special needs:  BIG6 can be broken down into sub steps to help chunk any research activity enrichment students:  BIG6 allows for students to move through the research process independently, or to spend as much time on one step but not another as needed non-motivated students:  BIG6 can be used for any research topic, and focuses on the student’s involvement. Students could use it for relevant topics to foster motivation. Student can also become invested in the project by being able to check off steps and feel accomplished.

ILA in HCPS: Middle School Level

 The middle school language arts program continues to focus on the development of student skills in the areas of reading, writing, listening, and speaking.  Through an integrated, thematic approach, students explore the richness of the human literacy experience.  They refine basic skills and strive to accomplish a higher level of skill development in all areas of the language arts.  Instruction targets success for all students by the time they leave middle school and enter high school.

Poetry at the Middle School Level:

          Standard 3.0 Comprehension of Literary Text: Students will read, comprehend, interpret, analyze, and evaluate literary text.

Indicator 4. Analyze elements of poetry to facilitate understanding and interpretation

Objectives

Use structural features to distinguish among types of poetry such as ballad, narrative, lyric Analyze language and structural features to determine meaning

Assessment limit: Literal versus figurative meaning

Analyze sound elements of poetry that contribute to meaning Assessment limits: Rhyme, rhyme scheme, Alliteration and other repetition, Onomatopoeia Identify and explain other poetic elements such as setting, mood, tone, etc., that contribute to meaning

Assessment limit: Elements of grade-appropriate lyric and narrative poems that contribute to meaning

IL Standards Applied to Language Arts Curriculum: Middle School Level (Grade 7)

Curriculum

 Use structural features to distinguish among types of poetry such as ballad, narrative, lyric

IL Standard(s)

 To inquire, think critically, and gain knowledge  To draw conclusions, make informed decisions, apply knowledge to new situations, and create new knowledge

IL and Diverse Populations: Middle School Level

    Using Focus on Research with diverse populations: students with special needs:  The reviewing the process stage helps students who are not confident in their research skills to make sure they have completed the step thoroughly before moving on. The fact that reviewing the process is included at each step makes the reflection mandatory and does not single any student out. enrichment students:  Enrichment students can have more freedom in the planning stage when figuring out what to research. They can also have more control over their project by doing the reviewing the process stages independently instead of with the teacher or librarian. non-motivated students:  The information sharing stage can help motivate students by knowing in advance that not only will the teacher see their finished product, but other members of the class will as well.

ILA in HCPS: High School Level

     “High school English is a four-year, sequential program of study through which students earn credits toward graduation, as well as a broad selection of electives through which students enrich their learning experiences. Learning expectations for high school students are aligned with the Maryland Core Learning Goals for English. As curriculum undergoes revision, this alignment will be clarified and strengthened in order to support success on the Maryland High School Assessments in English. Electives in drama, journalism, public speaking, humanities, and creative writing offer students a variety of avenues for creative expression and authentic performance. The high school program strives to prepare all students for success in college and the world of work.”

Poetry at the High School Level:

       

Standard 2: The student will analyze and evaluate a variety of print, non print and electronic texts, and other media.

Indicator 2.1: The student will analyze and evaluate a variety of texts, including fiction, nonfiction, poetry, drama, and informational texts.

Objective: The student will analyze stylistic elements in a text or across texts that communicate an author’s purpose.

Determine the tone or voice of a text or a portion of a text or across texts Determine and/or explain the significance of the following as each contributes to the author’s purpose o repetition and/or exaggeration, parallelism, allusion, analogy, figurative language, imagery, symbolism, a particular speaker or point of view, transitions, choice of details (e.g., specific examples, events, dialogue), features of language that create tone and voice Explain the effectiveness of stylistic elements in accomplishing a purpose Evaluate an author’s choice of words, phrases, and sentences for a particular audience or effect, for a given purpose, to extend meaning in a context, or to provide emphasis Distinguish among types of irony (e.g., verbal, situational, dramatic)

IL Standards Applied to Language Arts Curriculum: High School Level

 Determine and/or explain the significance of the following as each contributes to the author’s purpose o repetition and/or exaggeration, parallelism, allusion, analogy, figurative language, imagery, symbolism, a particular speaker or point of view, transitions, choice of details (e.g., specific examples, events, dialogue), features of language that create tone and voice  To inquire, think critically, and gain knowledge  To draw conclusions, make informed decisions, apply knowledge to new situations, and create new knowledge

Metacognitive Implications

Elementary Middle High

-students look at poetry and analyze why specific words were picked by the author -students reflect on how the words effect themselves as the reader - students start analyzing their own poetry and how using different literary elements and styles reveal their emotions and feelings towards a subject or theme. - students analyze more lengthy and classic works of poetry to develop a deeper knowledge base of poetry types and styles - more discussion oriented to allow students to reflect on how they and other students react to different kinds of poetry and why

IL and Diverse Populations: High School Level

  Using the Digital Information Fluency Model with diverse populations: students with special needs:    each question is supplemented with specific objectives to guide students in understanding what to do in each step enrichment students:   questions are focused on independent work questions are open-ended to allow for creative interpretation and ability to cater each question to fit the students’ needs  ethic oriented question will challenge students to make sure they research appropriately- could also allow for peer teaching the appropriate way to cite/ use sources non-motivated students:   general questions will not overwhelm the students basic outline will not overwhelm the students

Interpretations and Conclusions

 Models with less steps are clearer and easier to understand  Just because an alliteration is used doesn’t make it easier to use  More open-ended questions work better with higher level students  Elementary students need a mix of a flexible but still structured model

References

              Bent, M. (2007, Nov). The seven pillars of information literacy model. Retrieved from http://www.sconul.ac.uk/groups/information_literacy/sp/sp/model.html Bond, T. (2009, April 23). Sauce. Retrieved from http://ictnz.com/sauce-resources/SAUCE-description2.htm

(1997, June 11). Brainstorms & blueprints teaching library research as a thinking process. Retrieved from http://slisweb.sjsu.edu/courses/250.loertscher/modelstrip.html

Callison, D. & Lamb. A. (2009). 8Ws of information inquiry. Retrieved from http://www.virtualinquiry.com/inquiry/ws.htm

Eisenberg, M. (2007, Oct 6). What is the big6? Retrieved from http://www.big6.com/what-is-the-big6/ Engle, M. (2010, Nov 23). The seven steps of the research process. Retrieved from http://olinuris.library.cornell.edu/ref/research/skill1.htm

Heine. C. & O’Connor. D. (2009, Dec 13). Digital information fluency model. Retrieved from http://21cif.com/resources/difcore/index.html Herring, J. E. (2004). The plus model. Retrieved from http://athene.riv.csu.edu.au/~jherring/PLUS%20model.htm

Hughes, S. (2009, Feb 26). Research steps to success. Retrieved from http://www3.sympatico.ca/sandra.hughes/sandra.hughes/research/researchs.html Little, T. The super3. Retrieved from http://academic.wsc.edu/redl/classes/tami/super3.html

Louisiana information literacy model for lifelong learning. Retrieved from http://mconn.doe.state.la.us/lessonplans/lit_model.htm

McKenzie, J. (2000). The research cycle. Retrieved from http://questioning.org/rcycle.html

Needham, J. (2010). Meeting the new aasl standards for the 21 st -century learner via big6 problem solving. Library Media Connection, 42-43. Oberg, D. (1999, June 9). Teaching the research process- for discovery and personal growth. Retrieved from http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla65/papers/078-119e.htm