Transcript Lecture 1
Lecture 1 “History and Evolution of Computers” Informatics • Gradation policy • Extra information Content • Early history of computers • Modern history of computers • Modern computers • Future of computers • Attendance -10 % • Quizzes -20% • Tasks- 20% • Midterm-20% Gradation Policy • Final-30% Mark distribution: First 30% includes: 2 quizzes (10%), midterm(20%) Second 30% includes: 2 quizzes (10%),tasks (20%) Final 40% includes: final exam(30%), attendance(10%) Extra Information • Site – linux.sdu/~aigerim (from intranet) • Site- instructor.sdu.edu.kz/~aigerim (from internet) • Email: [email protected] “Necessity is the mother of invention”, famous saying formed the basis of modern computers Early History ABACUS: Very first computing device “ABACUS ” also called Soroban invented in 600 BC was the first computing device Napier Rods: Napier Rods was a card board multiplication calculator. It was designed in early 17th century PASCALINE 1642: Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invented the first operating model of mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the Arithmetic Machine “PASCALINE” It was for addition, subtraction, and multiplication and division Charles is “The Father of Computers” Charles Babbage’s: DIFFERENCE ENGINE & ANALYTICAL ENGINE 1822: His great invention “Difference Engine ” was to perform mathematical calculations It was fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program 1842: “The Analytical Engine” was a automatic machine. It could do 60 addition per minute The idea of analytical engine served as a base of modern digital computers 1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punchedcard data processing machine Punched Cards His company would eventually become International Business Machine (IBM) This paper based machine represents the origin of computer database software 1941: Conrad Zeus dorm Germany, introduced the first programmable computer Z3 It solved complex engineering equations It was also first to work on the binary system instead of decimal system Modern History 1940 Onwards First generation of computers (1942-1955) Features: First generation computers were based on vacuum tubes which were glass (tubes) that controlled and amplified the electronics signals ENIAC 1946: The ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developed by John W.Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania It was developed for military need It used 18,000 vacuum tubes Punch-card input ENIAC Weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fiftyfoot space First Generation of Computers (1942-1955) EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic calculator) 1949 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 1951 Second Generation of Computers (1955-1964) Features: Vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors. Transistor is a small device that transfer electronic signals through resistors 1961: The IBM 1400 Series were a major breakthrough for IBM IBM 1400 The first computer in this series was IBM 1401 The system contained many peripherals which included a new high-speed printer. This printer could print 600 lines per minute Third Generation of Computers (1965-1975) In this generation microelectronics technology was introduced that made it possible to integrate large number of circuit elements into very small surface of silicon known as a chips. This new technology was called INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (ICs) Fourth Generation of Computers (1976-1989) In this generation microprocessors were used. Microprocessor is small chip containing thousands of ICs on it. It greatly reduced the size of the computer. Apple I and Apple II 1976: Jobs and Wozniak designed and built the Apple I computer Then the following year 1977 introduced the Apple II microcomputer These both have characteristics of a PC In 1980, IBM tossed its hat into the personal computer, easily fit on a table or desk IBM PC They were available in taller or narrow size and have common features of personal computers Fifth Generation of Computers (1990onwards) ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) and networks like LAN (Local Area Network) and WAN (Wide Area Network) are used in this generation. Mobile computers are introduced Modern Computers Nanotechnology Future of Computers Miniature (Pocket size) Robot technology Quantum computers Wearable PC