Transcript Al-Fiqh Al-Muyassar

Al-Fiqh Al-Muyassar
Fasting Ramadhan
‫‪01-Ramadhan‬‬
‫‪Meaning of Fasting‬‬
‫‪• Saum: Desisting from eat, drink and other things‬‬
‫‪which break fast from the true appearance of‬‬
‫‪dawn until sunset.‬‬
‫‪• Pillars of fasting‬‬
‫‪– Abstaining‬‬
‫الر َف ُ‬
‫اس َل ُك ْم َوأَ ْن ُت ْم‬
‫ِسا ِئ ُك ْم هُنَّ لِ َب ٌ‬
‫ث إِ َلى ن َ‬
‫الص َي ِام َّ‬
‫• {أ ُ ِحل َّ َل ُك ْم َل ْي َل َة ِّ‬
‫اس َل ُهنَّ َعلِ َم َّ‬
‫اب َع َل ْي ُك ْم َو َع َفا‬
‫س ُك ْم َف َت َ‬
‫َّللاُ أَ َّن ُك ْم ُك ْن ُت ْم َت ْخ َتا ُنونَ أَ ْنفُ َ‬
‫لِ َب ٌ‬
‫ب َّ‬
‫َّللاُ َل ُك ْم َو ُكلُوا َوا ْ‬
‫ش َر ُبوا‬
‫َع ْن ُك ْم َف ْاْلَنَ َباشِ ُروهُنَّ َوا ْب َت ُغوا َما َك َت َ‬
‫ض ِمنَ ا ْل َخ ْيطِ ْاْلَ ْس َو ِد ِمنَ ا ْل َف ْج ِر ُث َّم‬
‫َح َّتى َي َت َب َّينَ َل ُك ُم ا ْل َخ ْي ُط ْاْلَ ْب َي ُ‬
‫الص َيا َم إِ َلى ال َّل ْي ِل‪ }...‬البقرة ‪188‬‬
‫أَ ِت ُّموا ِّ‬
02-Ramadhan
Abstaining
• (Relations with your spouse has been made
lawful for you in the nights of fasting. They are
clothing for you and you for them. Allah knows
that you had been betraying yourselves and He
has forgiven you so now go to them and seek
whatever Allah has decreed for you and eat and
drink until the white thread of dawn is distinct
from the black thread and then complete the fast
until the night.) 188
03-Ramadhan
• Niya (Intention)
– Entire day for fardh fast
– At least last part of day for voluntary fast
• Ramadhan – fasting this month is a fardh and
one of the five pillars of Islam.
– Hadith Ibn Umar: Islam is built on five pillars…
– Hadith of the beduoin who asked about duties
– Ijmaa’ (unanimity) of the Muslim Ummah
04-Ramadhan
Obligatory Pillar
ُ
َ
ُ
ْ
َّ
ْ
َ •
ِ
ٍ ‫اس َو َب ِّي َنا‬
‫ن‬
‫ِل‬
‫ل‬
‫ًى‬
‫د‬
‫ه‬
‫آ‬
‫ر‬
‫ق‬
‫ل‬
‫ا‬
‫ه‬
‫ِي‬
‫ف‬
‫ل‬
‫ز‬
‫ن‬
َ‫ت ِمن‬
ُ
ُ‫ن‬
ْ
َ ‫ش ْه ُر َر َم‬
َ
ِ
ِ ‫ضانَ ا َّلذِي أ‬
َّ ‫ش ِهدَ ِم ْن ُك ُم ال‬
َ ْ‫ان َف َمن‬
َ‫ص ْم ُه َو َمنْ َكان‬
ُ ‫ش ْه َر َف ْل َي‬
ِ ‫ا ْل ُهدَى َوا ْلفُ ْر َق‬
)185( ... ‫س َف ٍر َف ِعدَّ ةٌ ِمنْ أَ َّي ٍام أ ُ َخ َر‬
َ ‫ضا أَ ْو َع َلى‬
ً ‫َم ِري‬
• {The month of Ramadhan in which the Qur’an
was sent down, a guidance for the people and
clear explanations of guidance and the Criterion.
So whoever witnesses (is present) for the
month, let him fast it and for the one who is ill
or travelling an equal number of other days.}
05-Ramadhan
Types of Fasting
• Fasting which is wajib (obligatory)
– Days of Ramadhan
– Fast of expiation
– Fast because of an oath
• Fasting which is tatawwu’ (voluntary)
• Greatness of fasting Ramadhan
– Forgiveness and expiation
06-Ramadhan
High Status of Fasting Ramadhan
‫• ( من قام ليلة القدر إيمانا واحتسابا غفر له ما تقدم من ذنبه‬
)‫ومن صام رمضان إيمانا واحتسابا غفر له ما تقدم من ذنبه‬
‫البخاري‬
• Whoever stood in prayer on the Night of Decree
out of faith and self-accounting will have his
preceding sins forgiven and whoever fasted
Ramadhan out of faith and self-accounting will
have his preceding sins forgiven.
07-Ramadhan
Expiation
ُ ‫صلَ َو‬
َ‫ضان‬
َ ‫ضانُ إِلَى َر َم‬
َ ‫س َوا ْل ُج ُم َع ُة إِلَى ا ْل ُج ُم َع ِة َو َر َم‬
ُ ‫ات ا ْل َخ ْم‬
َّ ‫• « ال‬
ٌ ‫ُم َك ِّف َر‬
‫ب ا ْل َك َبائ َِر » مسلم‬
َ ‫اج َت َن‬
ْ ‫ات َما َب ْي َن ُهنَّ إِ َذا‬
• The five prayers, Jumu’a to Jumu’a and Ramadhan to
Ramadhan are expiations for what is between them
as long as major sins are avoided.
• Wisdoms in its ordination
– Cleansing the heart of bad characters and habits
– Shifting focus from this world to bigger matters
– Instilling sympathy in the well-off for the less fortunate.
08-Ramadhan
Shuroot (Conditions) of Obligation
• Fasting of Ramadhan is obligatory on anyone meeting
the following requirements:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Islam (Hadith: “The pen has been lifted…”)
Puberty (valid from the age of tamyeez)
Sanity (same hadith as above)
Health (days are paid after sickness goes)
Residency
Absence of menses or post-partum
‫الصالَ ِة“ مسلم‬
ِ ‫ض‬
ِ ‫ض‬
َّ ‫اء‬
َ ‫الص ْو ِم َولَ ُن ْؤ َم ُر ِب َق‬
َّ ‫اء‬
َ ‫• ” َكانَ ُيصِ ي ُب َنا َذلِ َك َف ُن ْؤ َم ُر ِب َق‬
• “We used to encounter that and we were ordered to pay back
fasting but were not ordered to pay back prayers.”
09-Ramadhan
What Determines Beginning/End of Ramadhan?
• Determining the beginning and end of Ramadhan
is by the visual sighting of the moon by one or
more just witnesses.
ْ ِ‫ش ْه ُر ت ِْس ٌع َوع‬
َّ ‫• « ال‬
‫صو ُموا َح َّتى َت َر ْوهُ َولَ ُت ْفطِ ُروا‬
ُ ‫ش ُرونَ َفالَ َت‬
‫َح َّتى َت َر ْوهُ َفإِنْ ُغ َّم َع َل ْي ُك ْم َفا ْق ُد ُروا َل ُه َثالَ ِثينَ » ابو داود‬
• The month is 29 days so do not fast until you see
it and do not break fast until you see it and if you
are clouded over, complete it as 30 days.
10-Ramadhan
Starting/Ending on Other Basis is Haraam
• It is not lawful to begin or end the month without
either a) visual sighting of the crescent or b)
completing the prior month 30 days:
‫• ( ل تصوموا حتى تروا الهالل ول تفطروا حتى تروه فإن غم‬
‫عليكم فاقدروا له ) البخاري‬
• “Do not fast until you see the crescent and do not
break fast until you see it. If you are clouded over,
complete the month.”
11-Ramadhan
Failure to Follow Sighting of Just Witness Haraam
• It is not lawful to refrain from fasting or from
breaking fast if a just witness has seen the
crescent (some require 2 witnesses for ending).
‫صو ُموا َوإِ َذا َرأَ ْي ُت ُموهُ َفأ َ ْفطِ ُروا َفإِنْ ُغ َّم َع َل ْي ُك ْم‬
ُ ‫• « إِ َذا َرأَ ْي ُت ُم ا ْل ِهالَل َ َف‬
‫صو ُموا َثالَ ِثينَ َي ْو ًما » مسلم‬
ُ ‫َف‬
• “When you see the crescent begin fasting and
when you [again] see it end your fast and if you
are clouded over, fast for 30 days.” Muslim
12-Ramadhan
Intention
• Time of required intention:
• Obligatory fasting (all three categories)
– From the night (before fajr)
‫ص َيا َم َق ْبل َ ا ْل َف ْج ِر َف َال صِ َيا َم َل ُه“ ترمذي صحيح‬
ِّ ‫• ” َمنْ َل ْم ُي َب ِّي ْت ال‬
• Voluntary fast
– It is allowed to make intention partway through the
day if one has not eaten, etc. to that point.
• A single intention at the beginning or Ramadhan
is sufficient for the entire month.
13-Ramadhan
What makes breaking the fast allowed?
• Illness or old age
– One who recovers repays the days missed
– One who doesn’t have hope of recovery (e.g.,
elderly) doesn’t pay the days but pays fidya
instead.
– Ibn Abbas: “The elderly man or woman who are
unable to fast, let them feed in place of each day
one needy person.” (Narrated in Al-Bukhari)
14-Ramadhan
What makes breaking the fast allowed?
• Travelling (a lawful trip, over 48 miles or “out
of town” – and there are other opinions)
‫ص ْم َوإِنْ شِ ْئ َت َفأ َ ْفطِ ْر » مسلم و التخاري‬
ُ ‫• « إِنْ شِ ْئ َت َف‬
• “If you wish, fast and if you wish, break your
fast.” (When he (sas) was asked about fasting
while travelling.
15-Ramadhan
What makes breaking the fast allowed?
• Menses and post-partum (previous hadith of
Aisha
• Haraam to fast in these conditions and would
not be valid if done.
• Days are to be repaid.
16-Ramadhan
What makes breaking the fast allowed?
• Pregnancy and nursing.
• If she fears for herself, she is allowed to break
fast and only repay the days.
ََّ َّ‫• ”إِن‬
َ ‫ساف ِِر‬
‫الص َيا َم‬
ِّ ‫الص َال ِة َو‬
َّ ‫ش ْط َر‬
َ ‫ض َع َعنْ ا ْل ُم‬
َ ‫َّللا َع َّز َو َجل َّ َو‬
)‫َو َعنْ ا ْل َحام ِِل َوا ْل ُم ْرضِ ِع“ (حديث حسن‬
• “Allah has lifted from the traveler half the
prayer and fasting from the pregnant and the
nursing.”
17-Ramadhan
What makes breaking the fast allowed?
• If a pregnant or nursing mother fears for her child
or fetus, she is allowed to break her fast and must
repay the day and feed one needy person for
each day missed.
‫دَاودَ َي ْعنِى َع َلى‬
ُ ‫ َقال َ أَ ُبو‬- ‫ َوا ْل ُح ْب َلى َوا ْل ُم ْرضِ ُع إِ َذا َخا َف َتا‬...” •
)‫ أَ ْف َط َر َتا َوأَ ْط َع َم َتا“ (صحيح الى ابن عباس‬- ‫أَ ْولَ ِد ِه َما‬
• “... And the pregnant or nursing if they fear (Abu
Daud said, meaning for their children) they may
break their fast and feed.” (meaning one needy
person in place of each day).
‫‪18-Ramadhan‬‬
‫ٌ‬
‫َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ك‬
‫ِس‬
‫م‬
‫م‬
‫ا‬
‫ع‬
‫ط‬
‫ة‬
‫اس ( َو َع َلى ا َّل ِذينَ ُيطِ يقُو َن ُه فِدْ َي‬
‫ْ‬
‫َ‬
‫ين) َقال َ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ٍ‬
‫• َع ِن ا ْب ِن َع َّب ٍ‬
‫َ‬
‫ً‬
‫َ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ْ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬
‫َّ‬
‫طِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫الص َيا َم‬
‫ق‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬
‫ا‬
‫م‬
‫ه‬
‫و‬
‫ة‬
‫ير‬
‫ب‬
‫ك‬
‫ل‬
‫ا‬
‫ة‬
‫أ‬
‫ر‬
‫م‬
‫ل‬
‫ا‬
‫و‬
‫ير‬
‫ب‬
‫ك‬
‫ل‬
‫ا‬
‫خ‬
‫ي‬
‫ش‬
‫ِل‬
‫ل‬
‫ة‬
‫ص‬
‫ُ‬
‫ان ِّ‬
‫ُ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ْ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ْ‬
‫َكا َن ْت ُر ْخ َ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ِ ِ ِ‬
‫ِسكِي ًنا َوا ْل ُح ْب َلى َوا ْل ُم ْرضِ ُع إِ َذا‬
‫أَنْ ُي ْفطِ َرا َو ُي ْط ِع َما َم َكانَ ُكل ِّ َي ْو ٍم م ْ‬
‫دَاودَ َي ْعنِى َع َلى أَ ْولَ ِد ِه َما ‪ -‬أَ ْف َط َر َتا َوأَ ْط َع َم َتا‬
‫َخا َف َتا ‪َ -‬قال َ أَ ُبو ُ‬
‫‪• Ibn Abbas (ra), the foremost interpreter of Allah’s‬‬
‫‪Book said this verse was abrogated for those able‬‬
‫‪to fast and remained for the elderly, terminally ill‬‬
‫‪or the nursing or pregnant who feared for their‬‬
‫‪child.‬‬