Harnessing Parents* Hopes for Their Young Children
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Transcript Harnessing Parents* Hopes for Their Young Children
Two-Generation Programs
in the 21st Century
P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale
Frances Willard Professor of Human Development and Social Policy
Faculty Fellow, Institute for Policy Research
Associate Provost for Faculty
Northwestern University
Helping Parents, Helping Children:
Exploring the Promise of Two-Generation Programs
Princeton, NJ
May 22, 2014
Acknowledgements: Collaborators
•
•
Jeanne Brooks-Gunn
Columbia University
Teresa Eckrich Sommer & Terri J. Sabol
Northwestern University
•
•
•
Hirokazu Yoshikawa
New York University
Christopher King
University of Texas at Austin
Steven Dow & Monica Barczak
Community Action Project of Tulsa
Acknowledgements: Funders
• Administration for Children and Families,
Health & Human Services
• Ascend at the Aspen Institute
• W.K. Kellogg Foundation
• Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
• George Kaiser Family Foundation
Presentation Overview
Education
Crisis in the U.S.
Two-Generation
Theory
What
Programs 1.0 and 2.0
and Empirical Evidence
is Happening Nationally?
Future
Directions
Education Crisis in the U.S.
Educational Requirements in the 21st Century
Education beyond high school is essential for
success in the global economy
U.S. labor market increasingly requires higher
levels of education and training
Disappearance of family-supporting,
low-skilled jobs
Parents’ Education among LowIncome Children Under Age 3, 2010
67% of low income
children have parents
with a high school
degree or less
Basic Facts About Low-income Children, 2010: Children Under Age 3. National Center for Children in
Poverty, Columbia University
Family Income Quintile
Socioeconomic Disparities in U.S.
Postsecondary Degree Completion
Graph from Isaacs et al., 2008; Brookings tabulation of PSID data from 2005
Student Parents
27% of all undergraduates are student parents
Percent of students
Delayed Enrollment and Part-time Attendance among
Student Parents vs. Non-Parent Students
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
68%
64%
48%
Delayed Enrollment
Student Parents
48%
Attending school part time
Non-Parent Students
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2002). Nontraditional Undergraduates.
Children Under Age 6 Living in
Low-Income Families, 1997-2010
50
48
% of Children Under Age 6
48
46
44.9
44
42.9
40.9
42
40
38
36
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Basic Facts About Low-income Children, 2010: Children Under Age 6. National Center for Children in Poverty,
Columbia University
Two-Generation Programs
Unifying
form: Target parents and
their children simultaneously
Variation
Idea
in structure and content
is not new
Two-Generation Programs:
LCL and JBG Definition
Simultaneously connect and integrate
high quality and intensive
human capital investments
Workforce
Development
Early Childhood
Education
Two-Generation Programs 2.0
2.0 Programs
1.0 Programs
Child & Parent
Child
Parent
• Early childhood
education
centers
• AA and BA
degrees
• Pre-K to 3rd grade
programs
• Job training
• Certification
• Early childhood
education centers
• Pre-K to 3rd grade
programs
• AA and BA degrees
• Certification
• Job training
Chase-Lansdale, P.L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2014). Two-Generation Programs in
the Twenty-First Century. Future of Children.
Research Hypothesis
Two generation programs will
have a greater impact on
children than early childhood
education alone
Two-Generation Programs:
Research and Practice in 2014
Empirical
evidence lags behind practice
and policy
Theoretical
evidence is compelling
Why Would Two-Generation
Programs Be Effective?
Continuity
and Change Theory
Ecological
Theory
Risk
and Resilience Theory
Change Model
Two
Generation
Programs
•
Improved cognitive and social
development
•
Higher attendance
Early Childhood
Centers
•
Readiness for kindergarten
•
High-Quality
Classrooms
•
Family Support
Services
•
Motivation to pursue education and
careers
•
Defined education and career goals
PSE/Workforce
Development
•
Higher rates of adult basic education
•
Community
Colleges
•
Higher rates of education and career
training enrollment
•
Job Training
Programs
•
Employers
Child
Parent
Passage of time from parents’ initial
enrollment: 0- 2 years
Change Model
Two
Generation
Programs
Early Childhood
Centers
•
Child
•
High-Quality
Classrooms
Family Support
Services
PSE/Workforce
Development
Parent
•
Higher motivation and engagement in
school
•
Academic success in elementary
school
•
Social competence
• Higher rates of persistence in
education and job training
• Improved job training skills and career
development
•
Community
Colleges
• Higher rates of employment
•
Job Training
Programs
• Higher wage growth
•
Employers
Passage of time from parents’ initial
enrollment: 2-5 years
Change Model
Two
Generation
Programs
Early Childhood
Centers
•
High-Quality
Classrooms
•
Family Support
Services
Child
PSE/Workforce
Development
Parent
•
Community
Colleges
•
Job Training
Programs
•
Employers
•
Increased high school graduation
rates
•
Increased training and
postsecondary education attainment
•
High expectations and positive future
orientation
• Stable career
• Family supporting wage
• Greater life stability
• Better functioning family system
Passage of time from parents’ initial
enrollment: 5+ years
Change Model
Two
Generation
Programs
Early Childhood
Centers
•
Child
•
High-Quality
Classrooms
Family Support
Services
• Understanding of relationship
between own education and that
of child
• Higher expectations for children and
growing investment in their
learning
PSE/Workforce
Development
• Improved parenting practices
•
Community
Colleges
• Increased physical and emotional
well being
•
Job Training
Programs
Parent
•
Employers
Passage of time from parents’ initial
enrollment: 0- 5+ years
When Mothers Increase Their
Education,
Children’s Learning Improves
Dashed Lines reflect the time period during which mother's education increased
Magnuson,K. (2007).
What’s New?
Significant Advances in Programs
and Research
Early
Childhood Education
Short and long-term outcomes
Evidence on quality and scale-up
National Spotlight on
Early Childhood Education
Sep 19, 2013
Jan. 30, 2014
Gail16,
Collins
Oct
2013
April 17, 2014
Feb 13, 2013
What’s New?
Significant Advances in Programs
and Research
Postsecondary
Expanded Availability
Contextualized GED Training
Role of Coaches, Peers Supports
Job
Education
Training
Workforce Intermediaries
National Spotlight on PostSecondary Education
On the Ground Programs 2.0
Adding adult programs to child programs
Adding child programs to adult programs
Adult and child programs merged within
existing organizations or agencies
Adult and child programs in residential
programs
Adding adult programs to child programs
Program
Platform
Services
CareerAdvance®
Head Start
• Stackable training at
community colleges
• Career coaches
• Incentives
• Peer supports
Community Action
Project of Tulsa, OK
(CAP Tulsa)
College Access
Head Start
and Success
Program (CAASP)
Educational
Alliance
•
•
•
•
College prep
ESL and GED courses
Mental health counseling
Financial supports
Adding child programs to adult programs
Program
Platform Services
Dual-Generation
and Green Jobs
Job
training
program
Los Angeles
Alliance for a New
Economy (LAANE)
• Employment training in
public utilities
• Online learning
• Peer supports
• Coaches
• Early childhood education
Adult and child programs merged within
existing organizations
Program
Platform
Services
Avance ParentChild Education
Program
ECE and
• Parenting classes
Elementary • Home visits
school
• ESL courses, GED prep, PSE
• Mentoring
The Annie E.
Casey Foundation
Atlanta
Partnership
ECE and
• Workforce development
Elementary • Subsidized housing
school
• Asset-building
Garrett County
Head Start • Financial literacy classes
Community Action
• Support for savings accounts
Committee
• Affordable rental units
Adult and child programs in
residential programs
Program
Platform
Services
The Keys to
Degrees Program
Residential • Housing in residential dorms
college
• College courses and mentoring
Endicott College
• Montessori programs
Housing
Housing
Opportunity and
authorities
Services Together
(HOST)
The Urban Institute
• Public or mixed-income housing
• Financial literacy and selfsufficiency training
• Youth support groups and after
school programs
Jeremiah Program Housing
• Housing
Minneapolis and St.
Paul, Minnesota
• Education and workforce training
• Partnerships with employers
• Peer meetings
Two-Generation Programs 2.0:
Considerations
Programs
for fathers and mothers
Equivalent
program quality and intensity
for each generation
Increase
integration of parent and child
programming
Positive
outcomes may take many years
Two-Generation Programs 2.0:
Conclusions
Very
early stages
Hold
promise for advancing the human
capital of low-income parents and
children
Time
is ripe for innovation,
experimentation, and evaluation
Early Childhood Education and Child
Outcomes
1.2
1.10
Effect Size
1
0.90
0.79
0.8
0.6
0.46
0.4
0.22
0.2
0
Perry Preschool
Abecedarian
Model Programs from
1960s and 1970s
OK Pre-k
Tennessee Pre-k Head Start Impact
Study
Prekindergarten
programs
Head Start
Model Programs from 1960s and 1970s
Short and long term effects of Perry Preschool
Preschool group
Control group
77%
67%
60%
60%
50%
49%
40%
30%
28%
15%
Ready for
Academic High school
Earned
Arrested 5+
school at age achievement graduate
$20k+ at 40 times at 40
5
at 14
Schwinhart, 2003