Transcript Diapositiva 1

SOWIT
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY FOR OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES
October 24, 2011 - Rome
Wind Turbine Development in IEA activities
Giacomo Arsuffi1
Giuseppe Celentano2
1
2
ENEA, Renewable Energy Technical Unit - IEA Wind Executive Committee
ENEA, Superconductivity Laboratory
The Wind Energy Agreement of IEA
•The International Energy Agency
has established in 1977 an international
cooperation agreement in the wind energy field named
shortly IEA Wind Implementing Agreement or IEA Wind
• 25 contracting partners from 20 Member Countries
- Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Republic of Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
United Kingdom, United States
- European Commission
- two “Sponsor Members”: EWEA (European Wind Energy Association) e CWEA
(Chinese Wind Energy Association)
• The agreement is coordinated by an Executive Committee
IEA Wind vs Global Wind Energy Market
• In 2010, the IEA Wind membership represented more than 85% of the world’s wind
capacity and more than 80% of 2010 new installed capacity.
• Among the IEA Wind member countries there are the countries having the higher wind
energy percentage with respect to the national electricity demand (IEA & EWEA
sources)
Denmark
21,9 %
Spain
16,4 %
Portugal
17,0 %
Ireland
10,5%
Germany
6,0%
European Union
5,3 %
Italy
2,6 %
United States
2,3 %
IEA Wind Implementing Agreement Activities
• The Executive Committee (ExCo) is responsible for overall control of information
exchange and the R&D Tasks. The ExCo meets twice each year to exchange information
on the R&D programs of the Member countries, to discuss work progress on the
various Tasks, and to plan future activities. ExCo also issues the IEA Wind Annual
Report.
• International Research Projects (Tasks)
Active IEA Wind Cooperative Research Tasks:
- Base Technology Information Exchange (Task 11)
- Wind Energy in Cold Climates (Task 19)
- Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power (Task 25)
- Cost of Wind Energy (Task 26)
-Consumer Labeling of Small Wind Turbines (Task 27)
- Social Acceptance of Wind Energy Projects (Task 28)
- Aerodynamic Data Analysis of the EU MEXICO Project (Task 29)
- Dynamic Codes and Models for Offshore Wind Energy (Task 30)
- WAKEBENCH: Benchmarking of wind farm flow models (Task 31)
- Wind LIDAR systems for wind energy deployment (Task 32)
The Tasks: a cooperative research opportunity
• The International Research Projects (Tasks) are open to the organizations (research
institutes, universities, industries) located in member countries of IEA Wind.
• Research tasks are approved by the Executive Committee of IEA Wind.
• The task activities are coordinated by an Operating Agent, which reports to the
Executive Committee.
• Each task participant contributes by an annual fee to cover task coordination costs and
has in charge specified parts of the work plan.
• The task amplifies the resources engaged by each participant that in return for a limited
resource engagement gains the access to the information and results of the whole
research group, corresponding to a many times greater amount of resources.
IEA-Wind MultiMW Wind-Turbine and Offshore Activities
• Monitoring the state of the technology, of the market and of the national research
programs in the member countries (Executive Committee).
• International Cooperative Research Projects (Tasks)
i) MultiMW Wind Turbines
- Task 11 - “Base Technology Information Exchange” (1987 to 2012)
- Task 19 – “Wind Energy in Cold Climates” (2001 to 2011)
- Task 26 – “Cost of Wind Energy ” (2009 to 2011)
- Task 29 – “Aerodynamic Data Analysis of the EU MEXICO Project” (2008 to 2011);
- Task 31 – “WAKEBENCH -Benchmarking of Wind Farm Flow Models ” (2011 to
2014)
- Task 32 – “Wind LIDAR systems for wind energy deployment” (2011 to 2014)
ii) Offshore
- Task 23 - “Offshore Wind Technology and Deployment” (completed in 2009).
- Task 30 – “Dynamic Codes and Models for Offshore Wind Energy “ (2010 to 2012).
Task 23
Offshore Wind Technology and Deployment
• Task 23 – “Offshore Wind Technology and Deployment”, was approved in 2005 by the
Executive Committee as a framework for holding focused workshops and developing research
projects. The work was designed to increase understanding of issues and develop
technologies to advance the development of wind energy systems offshore. The project was
completed in 2009.
• The project was organized into two subtasks :
-Subtask 1: “Experience with Critical Deployment Issues”, where the different critical
aspects of offshore installations, as ecological issues and regulation, electrical system
integration and offshore wind, external conditions, were analyzed and discussed.
-Subtask 2: “Offshore Code Comparison Collaborative” (OC3) , was established to meet
the need to verify accuracy and correctness of aero-hydro-servo-elastic codes applied for
offshore installation design.
Task 23
Subtask 2: Offshore Code Comparison Collaborative
• Land-based wind turbine analysis relies on the use of aero-servo-elastic codes, which
incorporate wind-inflow, aerodynamic (aero), control system (servo), and structuraldynamic (elastic) models in the time domain in a coupled simulation environment.
• In recent years, some of these codes have been expanded to include the additional
dynamics pertinent to offshore installations, including the incident waves, sea current,
hydrodynamics, and foundation dynamics of the support structure.
• The sophistication of these aero-hydro-servo-elastic codes, and the limited data available
with which to validate them, underscore the need to verify their accuracy and correctness.
The Subtask 2 - Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration (OC3), was established to meet
this need, that is a high priority for the wind turbine industry. To reduce costs reserve
margins must be quantified, and uncertainties in the design process must be reduced so
that appropriate margins can be applied.
• To test the newly developed codes, the main activities of OC3 were to (1) discuss
modeling strategies, (2) develop a suite of benchmark models and simulations, (3) run the
simulations and process the simulation results, and (4) compare and discuss the results.
Task 23
Subtask 2: Offshore Code Comparison Collaborative
• In OC3 emphasis was given to the verification of the offshore support structure dynamics
as part of the dynamics of the complete system. This emphasis distinguishes OC3 from
previous wind turbine code-to-code verification exercises. To encompass the variety of
support structures required for cost effectiveness at varying offshore sites, different support
structures (for the same wind turbine) were investigated in separate phases of OC3:
Monopile, 20 m of water
Phase I: rigid foundation
Phase II: flexible foundation
Tripod, 45 m of water
(Phase III)
Floating spar-buoy 320 m
of water (Phase IV)
Task 23
Subtask 2: Offshore Code Comparison Collaborative
http://www.ieawind.org/Annex_XXIII.html
Task 30
Dynamic Codes and Models for Offshore Wind Energy
•
Objective: compare dynamic computer codes and models used to design offshore wind
turbines and support structures
•
Task 30 will continue the work begun in Task 23 – Subtask 2 - “Offshore Code Comparison
Collaborative” (OC3) and because of this is also indicated as “Offshore Code Comparison
Collaborative Continuation” (OC4).
•
The operating agent organizations (managers) of the work will be the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory in the United States and the Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and
Energy System Technology (IWES) in Germany.
•
32 institutional and industrial partners from 14 different countries: Belgium, Canada, China,
Denmark, Finland, Greece, Germany, Korea, Ireland, Japan, Netherland, Norway, Spain,
Sweden, United States
• There will be two work packages (1.5 years each): jacket foundations and floating
semi-submersible foundations.
Task 30
Dynamic Codes and Models for Offshore Wind Energy
Goals
• To benchmark and verify the codes in terms of their simulation capabilities of different
sub-structures
• To asses the accuracy and reliability of obtained results
•To increase confidence in results and allow for decrease of safety factors
• To predict loads more accurately by reducing uncertainties
• To find out capabilities and limitations of implemented theories
• To refine and investigate existing analysis methods
• To initiate further Industry codes development and their optimization
• To train new analysts how to run and apply codes correctly
Task 30
Dynamic Codes and Models for Offshore Wind Energy
• As in OC3, also in OC4 special emphasis is given to the verification of the offshore support
structure dynamics as part of the dynamics of the complete system.
• In detail, two different support structures will be considered in the project:
jacket support structure
semi-submesible support structure
Task 30
Dynamic Codes and Models for Offshore Wind Energy
http://www.ieawind.org/Task_30/Task30_lic.hPubtml
The IEA Wind Strategic Plan 2009-2014
• The purpose of the Strategic Plan for 2009–2014 is to provide direction and focus for the
activities of IEA Wind over the five-year term ending in February 2014. The IEA Wind
Strategic Plan is periodically updated to take account of movement on key issues.
• In 2009 has been published by IEA the Technology Roadmap Wind Energy .
• The updated Strategic Plan for IEA Wind is the result of a review that adopted the main
findings and strategies of the Technology Roadmap and reacts to the latest technological
developments
•These key R,D&D themes for the wind energy sector were identified by the IEA Wind ExCo
in the updated Strategic Plan 2009-2014 (2011 update):
-Wind technology research to improve performance and reliability at competitive
costs
- Research on power system operation and grid integration of high amounts of wind
generation including development of fully controllable, grid-friendly wind power
plants
-Wind resource and performance assessment for large wind integration
- Research on offshore wind in shallow to deep waters
- Research on social, educational, and environmental issues that affect wind siting
MultiMW Wind-Turbine Superconductivity Applications
A R&D priority in IEA Wind Strategic Plan
• In the key R, D&D theme 1 - “Wind technology research to improve performance and
reliability at competitive costs”, experts and the IEA Wind ExCo identified six research areas to
reduce costs and improve performance:
1. Increase component and sub-system performance and reliability.
2. Reduce costs of turbine and component production by using new and recycled
materials, new manufacturing techniques, and new methods for transport and
installation
3. Reduce costs of wind turbine towers and foundations.
4. Reduce operations and maintenance costs that are driven by subcomponent
characteristics.
5. Explore advanced design concepts with the potential to reduce costs.
6. Develop test facilities to demonstrate cost-reducing concepts and improve reliability.
• In some of this six areas superconductivity applications are indicated as a priority in R, D&D
1. - Developing basics for superconducting generators to reduce weight,
decrease size, and avoid damages to gearboxes
2. - Costs reducing by using new materials such as thermoplastics, permanent
magnets, and superconductors.
5. - New drive train concepts: increase efficiency and reliability, reduce weight,
and improve ease of installation and maintenance.
MultiMW Wind-Turbine Superconductivity Applications
International R&D projects
•The Department of Energy (DOE) of United States last june announced six projects
have been selected to receive nearly $7.5 million over two years to advance nextgeneration designs for wind turbine drive trains. Two of these projects involve
superconducting generator technology:
- the Advanced Magnet Lab (Palm Bay, Florida) will develop an innovative
superconducting direct-drive generator for large wind turbines. The
project will employ a new technology for the drivetrain coil configuration to
address technical challenges of large torque electric machines;
- the GE Global Research (Niskayuna, New York) will design and perform
component testing for a 10 megawatt direct-drive generator employing
low-temperature superconductivity technology.
• The RISOE-SUPERWIND project on superconducting generator for wind
applications has the objective, based on the acquired knowledge leading to the
design of a 50 kW superconducting wind turbine generator, to see what it takes to
construct a superconducting wind turbine generator with a rated power of 10 MW,
i.e. the desired size to be used in future offshore wind turbine parks.
HTS: wire and tape technologies
BiSCCO-2223
O-PIT (Oxide Powder In Tube)
metallurgical process
(Tc = 110 K)
• multifilametary wire in Ag matrix
First generation (1G) conductor
Commercially available
• Ic = 180 A @ 77 K, self-field;
• lengths > 1 km;
• Sumitomo (J), EHTS (D), Innost (China)
4.4 x 0.25 mm
Main drawback:
• raw material costs (Ag)
HTS: wire and tape technologies
YBCO coated conductors (2G)
Flexible metallic tape coated by a “quasisingle-crystal” YBCO film through film
deposition techniques
Protective
layer
Companies:
AMSC, Super Power Inc. (US)
Bruker, Nexans, Zenergy Power (EU)
Sumitomo, Showa, Fujikura (J)
YBCO film
Buffer
layer
Metallic
tape
• Lenghts: Typical 200 m, record 1311 m
(Super Power);
Relatively recent technology
• Widths: 2, 4, 12 mm
there still room for improvement in
performances and processing
• Ic on cm –wide tape > 300 A @ 77 K, s. f.
18 May, XX AIV Congress
19
HTS: comparison
• 2G has better electrical performance at
high temperature (LN2) than 1 G;
• in perspective (5 – 10 years) reduction
of 2G cost at commercial level
V. Selvamanickam, SuperPower & UH presented at ASC ‘10
Conference Washington DC 1 – 6 August 2010
MultiMW Wind-Turbine Superconductivity Applications
A Comparative Assessment
• An interesting and recent comparative study on the performance of High Temperature
Superconductor Generator - Direct Drive Train technology (HTSDD) for multiMW WT:
“Comparative Assessment of Direct Drive High Temperature Superconducting Generators in
Multi-Megawatt Class Wind Turbine”, B. Maples, M. Hand, and W. Musial, NREL/TP-500049086, October 2010
• The work, jointly performed by AMSC and NREL, compares two conventional
configurations for MultiMW WT, i.e. geared and Permanent Magnet Drive Train (PMDD)
solutions, with an innovative direct-drive, superconductor-generator configuration
proposed by AMSC
• This work is mentioned here just to add a “quantitative” (even if preliminary) insight of
the potential of this promising technology.
Model Inputs – Common Design Parameters
Source: “Comparative Assessment of Direct Drive High Temperature Superconducting Generators in Multi-Megawatt
Class Wind Turbine”, B. Maples, M. Hand, and W. Musial, NREL/TP-5000-49086
Model Inputs – Main Component Masses
Source: “Comparative Assessment of Direct Drive High Temperature Superconducting Generators in Multi-Megawatt
Class Wind Turbine”, B. Maples, M. Hand, and W. Musial, NREL/TP-5000-49086
Model Inputs – Wind Characteristics
Source: “Comparative Assessment of Direct Drive High Temperature Superconducting Generators in Multi-Megawatt
Class Wind Turbine”, B. Maples, M. Hand, and W. Musial, NREL/TP-5000-49086
Assumptions for Comparison
• Calculation for geared and PMDD turbine performed by NREL’s updated Cost and
Scaling Model
• HTSDD machine data were provided by AMSC at each turbine size
• Main shafts for the PMDD and HTSDD turbines are assumed to have the same
cost and mass as in the AMSC HTSDD design (because NREL model does not
calculate these values due to a lack of detailed design data from commercial
turbines).
• Rotor diameters, masses and costs for both baseline turbines and the
superconducting turbine use the values provided by AMSC for the HTSDD
turbine.
Similarly, all turbines use tower cost and mass estimates associated to the
superconducting turbine .
Component Comparison
Drive Train/Nacelle Assembly
Source: “Comparative Assessment of Direct Drive High Temperature Superconducting Generators in Multi-Megawatt
Class Wind Turbine”, B. Maples, M. Hand, and W. Musial, NREL/TP-5000-49086
Component Comparison
Generator
Source: “Comparative Assessment of Direct Drive High Temperature Superconducting Generators in Multi-Megawatt
Class Wind Turbine”, B. Maples, M. Hand, and W. Musial, NREL/TP-5000-49086
Component Comparison
Drive Train Efficiency & Annual Energy Production
Source: “Comparative Assessment of Direct Drive High Temperature Superconducting Generators in Multi-Megawatt
Class Wind Turbine”, B. Maples, M. Hand, and W. Musial, NREL/TP-5000-49086
Turbine Concept Comparison
Levelized Drive Train Cost
Source: “Comparative Assessment of Direct Drive High Temperature Superconducting Generators in Multi-Megawatt
Class Wind Turbine”, B. Maples, M. Hand, and W. Musial, NREL/TP-5000-49086
Concluding remarks
• Specific international- IEA-Wind-supported research projects are in progress on WT
offshore technology.
•IEA Wind Stategic Plan indicates offshore installations and superconductivity applications
as priority research areas in wind energy R,D&D.
• Various research projects on superconductivity applications to Multi-MW WT are active
in USA (DOE) and Europe (RISOE)
• The YBCO coated conductor technology is mature enough for MW generators but costs
are currently limiting their possible application. Within 5 – 10 years conductor costs are
expected to reduce to a reasonable level for prototype manufacturing.
• The NREL-AMSC study shows that HTSDD technology has good potential to compete
successfully as an alternative technology to PMDD and geared technology turbines in the
multi megawatt classes. In addition, results suggests the economics of HTSDD turbines
improve with increasing size, although several uncertainties remain for all machines in the
6 to 10 MW class.
References
[1] “IEA Wind 2010 Annual Report”, Executive Committee of the Implementing Agreement for Cooperation in the Research Development, and Deployment of Wind Energy Systems, July 2011
[2] – IEA Wind Task 23 website: http://www.ieawind.org/Annex_XXIII.html
[3] – IEA Wind Task 30 website: http://www.ieawind.org/Task 30/Task30 Public.html
[4] “International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement for Co-operation in the Research,
Development, and Deployment of Wind Energy Systems -Strategic Plan for 2009–2014 –Update 2011”,
April 13, 2011
[5] http://energy.gov/articles/department-energy-awards-nearly-75-million-help-develop-nextgeneration-wind-turbines
[6] http://www.superwind.dk
[7] B. Maples, M. Hand, and W. Musial, “Comparative Assessment of Direct Drive High Temperature
Superconducting Generators in Multi-Megawatt Class Wind Turbine”, NREL/TP-5000-49086, October 2010
[8] P. Barnes, et al., “Review of high power density superconducting generators: present state and
prospects for incorporating YBCO windings”, Cryogenics 45, 2005, 670
[9] D. Larbalestier, et al., “High Tc superconducting materials for electric power applications”, Nature 414,
2001, 368
[10] http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/
[11] Y. Iwasa, “HTS magnets: stability; protection; cryogenics; economics; current stability/protection
activity at FBML”, Cryogenics 43, 2003, 303
[12] A. B. Abrahamsen, et al., “Superconducting wind turbine generators”, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 23,
2010, 034019
[13] V Selvamanickam, Super Power Inc. And University of Houston, presented at Applied
Superconducitvity Conference 2010, Washington DC 1 – 6 August
Thank you for your attention