Transcript Citizen Monitoring of Wisconsin’s Salamanders

Salamander Identification
Guide
Citizen Monitoring of Wisconsin’s
Salamanders
by
Wisconsin Audubon Chapters
Randy Korb, Project Director
Training Guides by Mary Linton
This guide will help you identify
Wisconsin’s salamanders. Two
other guides are also available: a
guide to Wisconsin’s frogs, toads,
and treefrogs, and a guide to the
Protocols for the citizen
salamander monitoring project.
The guides are in PowerPoint, a presentation software made by Microsoft. You move
through the guide by clicking your mouse or touchpad until you see “THE END”.
There are many other good resources available, and we will list some good sources
at the end of this guide.
Purpose of this Project
• Wisconsin has a long-term and successful monitoring program for
frogs, toads and tree frogs, the members of the Class Amphibia that
have males that call during mating . They use the calls of these
amphibians to verify their presence in habitats all over the state.
• Salamanders, the other large group of the Class Amphibia, don’t
make mating calls, so cannot be monitored simply. This project
seeks to begin a systematic monitoring of salamanders that will add
to what is already known about their populations in Wisconsin. In
specific, your efforts will help verify distributions of salamanders
and fill the large gaps of knowledge in areas where salamander
surveys have not been conducted.
• The data you collect will help preserve and protect Wisconsin’s
salamanders.
Amphibians come in two types
those without tails
These belong to the Order Anura
which includes Frogs, Toads and Tree Frogs
The juvenile stage is called a Tadpole
those with tails
These belong to the Order Caudata
which includes Salamanders, Newts
and Mudpuppies
The juvenile stage is called a Larva
Clyde Peeling
Missouri State Biology
Wisconsin’s 6 salamander species exhibit the full range
of Amphibian life cycles:
• Mole salamanders in the Family Ambystomatidae: breed in
water, larvae are aquatic and adults are terrestrial. 3
species.
• Newts in the Family Salamandridae: breed in water, adults
are aquatic, there are 2 sub adult stages – first an aquatic
larva and then a terrestrial juvenile called an eft. 1 species.
• Lungless Salamanders in the family Plethodontidae: 2
species in Wisconsin – both with terrestrial adults, but one
also has terrestrial larvae, while the other has aquatic
larvae.
• Mudpuppies in the Family Proteidae: All life stages are
aquatic. 1 species
During this initial season of salamander monitoring we will focus
on those species that can be collected in a minnow trap.
The salamanders most of us will find will have adults that breed
in water, aquatic larvae, or aquatic adults.
Here are important characteristics for identifying adults
of Wisconsin’s 5 salamander species
ohiohistorycentral,.org
1.
Adults have external
gills for breathing?
None here, but
The mudpuppy has deep red gills
ohiohistorycentral,.org
2.
Is the body
robust or is it
slender?
Robust here but
Redbacks are slender
Newts have no coastal grooves
ohiohistorycentral,.org
Plenty here but
3.
Are there vertical grooves on the body – called Coastal Grooves?
Family Ambystomatidae
Mole Salamanders
A Typical Mole Salamander Life Cycle
Mole salamanders are among the first amphibians
to breed in the spring. They rise from their
underground overwintering sites and head to their
breeding ponds – typically an ephemeral pond, or one
that fills in late fall or early spring, then dries in late
summer or fall. Mole salamanders can successfully
breed here because ephemeral ponds lack vertebrate
The larvae leave the pond at the predators.
end of summer and eventually
become adults
After a dance and mating, eggs
are laid in the pond. The eggs
are covered with one or more
gelatinous layers and are laid
in small or large clumps.
Surviving eggs hatch into larvae that
stay in the pond until ready to
metamorphose – turn into new, small
terrestrial salamanders. Note the 4
legs , external gills, and body
– definitely no tadpole.
Tiger Salamander – Ambystoma tigrinum
rbnc.org
Black background
with variable yellow
marks on head, body
and tail.
Very hefty. Sturdy
legs make tiger
salamanders better
than other salamanders at land
travel.
Five hind toes
Our largest land salamander – 7 to13 inches in length and stocky. They have deep coastal
grooves and live in rodent burrows as adults. Adults and larvae are voracious predators.
Adults have even been known to eat rodents. Tiger salamander adults live in woods, grasslands and farmer’s pastures. That’s why they are often found in basement window wells.
Tigers breed in ephemeral ponds, permanent ponds, even farm ponds.
Spotted Salamander – Ambystoma maculatum
Black background
with 2 irregular
rows of yellow
spots running down
head and body. Head
spots may be orange.
Not as stocky as
Tigers, but still
robust.
Another groovy
species
Five toes on hind
foot
Our second-largest salamander - 4 to 8 inches. Adults like closed canopy woods with lots
of brush. Spotted salamanders breed in ephemeral ponds. Eggs are laid in a solid gelatinous
mass attached to twigs or vegetation. The eggs may have a greenish tinge due to an alga
that lives in the gelatinous coating.
Blue-spotted Salamander –
Ambystoma laterale
The third groovy species
Dark body flecked
with many blue
or white spots.
Still not
slender
Five toes on hind feet
The smallest Ambystoma salamander – 3 to 6 inches in length. Blue-spots can secrete a
milky white substance when handled, making them very slippery. Take time to get a good
hold. The adults live in wooded areas and breed in ephemeral ponds.
As you can tell by the previous slide, Blue-spot color patterns do vary. Part of this variation
is due to the fact that blue-spots have hybridized with other Ambystoma species. These
hybrids are ancient lines of salamanders that are entirely female and produce offspring
from unfertilized eggs. The hybrids can be found wherever blue-spots are found and there
is no way to distinguish them in the field. They can only be told apart by examining their
chromosomes. So, if a salamander looks like a blue-spot, record it as a blue-spot.
Family Salamandridae
Newts
The central newt life cycle is more complicated than that of the Mole salamanders
The adults are usually found in water (1), but can easily survive on land (1). In fact,
they hibernate on land and migrate from pond to pond.
The 2nd
juvenile
stage is the
terrestrial
Eft (5). This
Is the only
stage you
won’t catch
in a minnow
trap.
Newts do
breed in
water.
Could be in
Spring or
Fall.
The eggs (2) are laid on submerged vegetation In the spring. The aquatic larva (3)
hatches and grows through summer until it is ready metamorphose (4).
Central Newt – a subspecies of the Eastern Newt
Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis
Light-colored body
flecked with dark
spots. Rare large
spots with light
interior. Note
whitish belly
Eft,
terrestrial juvenile
No coastal grooves
Still robust
Five toes on
hind feet (really!)
Aquatic larva
The central newt is a small salamander – 2 to 4 inches in length. Its skin is rough and well
covered with toxic skin glands. The terrestrial adult tends to be darker than the aquatic
adult above. They breed in ponds with good vegetation, so often found in permanent ponds.
OK. If you know the four we have covered so far,
you will be in great shape for your sampling season.
But here are the rest, just in case!
Family Plethodontidae
Lungless Salamanders
Four-toed Salamander – Hemidactylium scutatum
GreeenishBrown back
with black
mottling
Slender
4 toes on
hind foot
White belly
Also called the bog salamander because it nests in the sphagnum on the surface of bogs.
When the larvae hatch, they wriggle through the moss to the water, grow, then return to
the forests as adults. This is a small salamander – 3 to 4 inches – and very hard to find.
Adults mate on land – only the small larva is truly aquatic. Notice the crimp at the start of
the tail. They can jettison their tail if being attacked from behind. If anyone finds one of these
we will have a party.
Red-backed Salamander – Plethodon cinereus
5 toes on hind foot
Slender
Sides and belly
brown-gray with
white specks
Red strip on back
Red-backs actually exhibit some color variation. The ones with no red stripe on the back are
sometimes called lead-backs. This is a completely terrestrial salamander – females nest with,
and protect their eggs. When the eggs hatch, the tiny larvae have gill buds for a short time,
Then lose the bids and look like tiny adults. Red-backs live in rich woodlands with rotting
downed logs where they live and nest. Obviously, these salamanders will not appear in our
minnow traps.
Family Proteidae
Mudpuppies
Mudpuppy – Necturus maculosus
All stages of life
cycle are found
in lakes and
rivers.
Bright red gills
4 toes on the hind feet
Mudpuppies exhibit something called Neotony, or the condition of becoming an adult
In the same form as the larva. In this case a large larva – at 12-16 inches in length the
Mudpuppy is our largest salamander. Some people consider mudpuppies “trash” critters.
They are not poisonous, and in fact are great aquatic citizens. They are the host to the
Salamander mussel, an endangered species in Wisconsin.
How about salamander larvae?
Blue-spotted Salamander
It’s very hard to tell
the Ambystoma
salamander larvae
apart when they
are young.
Spotted
Salamander
They look very different from
Central Newt larvae. If you collect
a larva with 5 toes on hind feet, lots
of speckles except on the throat, and
no dark line through the eye, call it
an Ambystoma larva.
Tiger Salamander
Remember the aquatic
larva of the Central Newt?
If you find a SMALL larva with no coastal grooves (or they are faint), no
membranous fin that runs up over the back, and a dark line through the
eye, record it as a Central Newt larva,
Larvae of the species you are unlikely to encounter:
Mudpuppy larvae are found in lakes
and rivers. They have 4 toes on the hind
feet, are striped, have a dorsal fin
only on the tail, and lovely red gills.
4-toed salamander larvae also only
have 4 toes on the hind feet, a dorsal
fin over the tail and body, and a dark
line through the eye (really). They
are found in bog ponds.
….
…
Wisconsin’s salamanders are not evenly distributed across the
state.
You can discover what has previously been found in your area
by checking the Wisconsin Herp Atlas. It can be found on-line at:
www.uwm.edu/dept/fieldstation/herpetology/atlas/atlas.html
Why not take some time to check the atlas out now?
----- first click on the hotlink above.
------when the Herp Atlas home page appears, click on “Species
Accounts”, then on a species from the list on the left margin.
Make special note of the species not strongly represented in your
area.
Feel free to review this presentation as often as you wish.
Here are some other great resources:
Books
Amphibians of Wisconsin by Rebecca Christoffel, Robert Hay and Michelle Wolfgram.
can be viewed or purchased on-line at:
http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/er/herps/amphibians
A Field Guide to Amphibian Larvae and Eggs of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa by
Jeffrey R. Parmalee, Melinda G. Knutson, and James E. Lyon
can be ordered from the US Geological Survey (1-800-553-6847 or 703-487-4650
or contact the author at [email protected]).
Amphibians and Reptiles of the Great Lakes Region by James H. Harding.
-available from Amazon, or ordered from your favorite local bookstore.
Websites:
EEK (Environmental Education for Kids) by the Wisconsin DNR
[http://dnr.wi.gov/eek]
The End
Gallery.cce.cornell.edu