Transcript Models of Communication: communicative competence

Models of Communication:
communicative competence
(monocultural) & the training of
communicative skills
Seminar:
Lecturer:
Speaker:
Date:
The training of cross-cultural competence and skills
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Beneke
Antje Stillahn
6 November 2001
Contents
1. Models of Communication
– What is communication?
– What is communicative competence?
2. The Training of Communicative Skills
(based on Schulz von Thun’s model)
3. Moving towards Intercultural Communication
(discussion)
1. Models of Communication
– What is communication?
– What is communicative competence?
A Definition
“communication
[Lat. communicatio ‘the action of imparting‘]
In its broadest sense, this term refers to every kind of
mutual transmission of information using signs or
symbols between living beings (humans, animals),
between people and data-processing machines. [...]”
(Bussmann 1996:83)
A Definition (continued)
“In its narrower, linguistic sense, communication is
the understanding which occurs between humans
through linguistic and non-linguistic means like
gestures, mimicry and voice ( non-verbal
communication). The basic components of
communication are shown in communication models.
[...]”
(Bussmann 1996:83)
Models of Communication
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aristotle‘s Rhetoric
De Saussure‘s Model of the Speech Circuit
Shannon‘s and Weaver‘s Model
Gerbner‘s General Model
Bühler‘s and Jakobson‘s Models
Watzlawick’s, Beavin’s, and Jackson’s Model
Schulz von Thun’s Model
Aristotle’s Rhetoric
Three elements of
communication:
• the speaker
• the speech
• the audience
(http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/introductory/aristotle.html)
Models of Communication
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aristotle‘s Rhetoric
De Saussure‘s Model of the Speech Circuit
Shannon‘s and Weaver‘s Model
Gerbner‘s General Model
Bühler‘s and Jakobson‘s Models
Watzlawick‘s, Beavin‘s, and Jackson‘s Model
Schulz von Thun‘s Model
De Saussure’s Model
of the Speech Circuit (1916)
Phonation
Audition
c
i
Phonation
c: concept
i: image acoustique
(acoustic image)
c
i
Audition
(http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html7text/6-1frame.html)
Models of Communication
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aristotle‘s Rhetoric
De Saussure‘s Model of the Speech Circuit
Shannon‘s and Weaver‘s Model
Gerbner‘s General Model
Bühler‘s and Jakobson‘s Models
Watzlawick’s, Beavin’s, and Jackson’s Model
Schulz von Thun’s Model
The Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)
message
information
source
received
signal
signal
transmitter
channel
message
receiver
destination
noise
source
(http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/introductory/sw.html)
The Shannon-Weaver Model –
Criticism
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
the ‘conduit metaphor’ (Reddy 1979)
linearity
content and meaning
instrumentalism
context
relationships and purposes
time
medium
(cf. http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Functions/mcs.html)
The Shannon-Weaver Model –
Extension
information
source
transmitter
channel
receiver
destination
noise
source
feedback
(cf. http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/introductory/sw.html)
The Shannon-Weaver Model –
Extension by Moles (1963)
information
source
transmitter
channel
receiver
destination
noise
source
code 1
code 2
(http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html7text/6-2frame.html)
Models of Communication
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aristotle‘s Rhetoric
De Saussure‘s Model of the Speech Circuit
Shannon‘s and Weaver‘s Model
Gerbner‘s General Model
Bühler‘s and Jakobson‘s Models
Watzlawick’s, Beavin’s, and Jackson’s Model
Schulz von Thun’s Model
Gerbner’s General Model (1956)
PERCEPTUAL DIMENSION
M
E1
Selection
Context
Availability
E
Event
Channels
MEANS AND CONTROL
Media
DIMENSION
Control
M2
SE1
S
E
Form Content
(cf. Gerbner 1956, in: Corner; Hawthorn (eds.) 1989:18)
Models of Communication
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aristotle‘s Rhetoric
De Saussure‘s Model of the Speech Circuit
Shannon‘s and Weaver‘s Model
Gerbner‘s General Model
Bühler‘s and Jakobson‘s Models
Watzlawick’s, Beavin’s, and Jackson’s Model
Schulz von Thun’s Model
Bühler’s Organon Model (1934)
Objects and
States of Affairs
Representation
Expression
S
Appeal
(http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html/text6.html)
Jakobson’s Model
of Communicative Functions (1960)
Type
emotive
referential
conative
Oriented
towards
addresser
Function
expressing
feelings or
attitudes
context
imparting
information
addressee influencing
behaviour
Example
It’s bloody
pissing down
again!
It’s raining.
Wait here till it
stops raining!
(cf. http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Functions/mcs.html)
Jakobson’s Model
of Communicative Functions (1960)
Type
Oriented Function
towards
phatic
contact
establishing or
maintaining
social relationships
metalingual code
referring to the
nature of the
interaction
poetic
message foregrounding
textual features
Example
Nasty weather
again, isn’t it?
This is the
weather
forecast.
It droppeth as
the gentle rain
from heaven.
(http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Functions/mcs.html)
Models of Communication
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aristotle‘s Rhetoric
De Saussure‘s Model of the Speech Circuit
Shannon‘s and Weaver‘s Model
Gerbner‘s General Model
Bühler‘s and Jakobson‘s Models
Watzlawick’s, Beavin’s, and Jackson’s Model
Schulz von Thun’s Model
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967):
Pragmatics of Human Communication
• One cannot not communicate. (Watzlawick and others 1967:51)
• Every communication has a content and a
relationship aspect such that the latter classifies
the former and is therefore a
metacommunication.(Watzlawick and others 1967:54)
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) –
Content and Relationship Levels
Is that a
real
diamond
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987:256)
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) –
Content and Relationship Levels
Hi
CONTENT
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987:25/)
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) –
Content and Relationship Levels
It’s nice to
see Mary...
CONTENT
RELATIONSHIP
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987:258)
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) –
Content and Relationship Levels
analytical
thinking,
words
CONTENT
RELATIONSHIP
older parts of the brain: emotions
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987:258)
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) –
Content and Relationship Levels
Information
Information about
this information
verbal, nonverbal;
context
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987:259)
Models of Communication
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aristotle‘s Rhetoric
De Saussure‘s Model of the Speech Circuit
Shannon‘s and Weaver‘s Model
Gerbner‘s General Model
Bühler‘s and Jakobson‘s Models
Watzlawick’s, Beavin’s, and Jackson’s Model
Schulz von Thun’s Model
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) –
Four Aspects of a Message
..........
Content
////////////////////////////////
Sender
Selfdisclosure
Message
Appeal
Receiver
Relationship
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:30)
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) –
Four Aspects of a Message
........
The traffic light is green.
//////////////////////////
I’m in
a hurry.
THE
TRAFFIC
LIGHT IS
GREEN
Put your
foot
down!
You need my help!
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:31)
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) –
Three Aspects of a Non-verbal Message
I am
sad.
//////////////////////////
........
Please
comfort
me!
You hurt me!
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:34)
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) –
Three Aspects of a Non-verbal Message
//////////////////////////
........
I am
listening.
saying
nothing
Please
go on
talking.
Your ideas are
interesting.
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:35)
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) –
Receiving with Four Ears
What kind of
person is he?
What are the
facts?
How does he talk
to me? Who does
he think I am?
What does he want
me to think or do,
how does he want
me to feel?
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:45)
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977)
What are those green
things in the sauce?
Well, if you don‘t like my
cooking, you can go and have
your dinner elsewhere!
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:62)
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) –
Four Aspects of a Message
There is something
green.
I don’t
know
sent
what it message
is.
You‘ll know it.
Tell
me
what
it is!
......
///////////////////
///////////////////
......
There is something
green.
Don‘t put
green
I don’t received things into
like it. message the sauce
next time!
You are a bad
cook!
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:63)
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977)
Sent
///////////////////////
///////////////////////
Sender
.......
.......
Message
Received
Message
Receiver
Feedback
///////////////////
......
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:81)
Communicative Competence
“Communicative Competence describes
the speaker’s ability to select from the
totality of grammatical expressions
available to him, forms which
appropriately reflect the social norms
governing behavior in specific
encounters.” (Hymes 1972:270, in: Beneke (ed.) 1993:76)
Communicative Competence
“From a sociolinguistic perspective, communicative
competence includes the following:
(a)
(b)
(c)
LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE: verbal and
nonverbal codes, and the range of possible
variants
INTERACTION SKILLS: sociolinguistic rules for
appropriate use, discourse organization and
processes, and strategies for achieving goals
CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE: social structure,
values and beliefs, and cognitive maps or
schemata for the content domains”
(Saville-Troike 1992, in: Bright 1992:273)
2. The Training of Communicative
Skills
(based on Schulz von Thun’s
model)
Congruent versus Incongruent Messages
Everything‘s
just fine!
.......
//////////////////////////
//////////////////////////
.......
My life is a total
disaster.
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:36)
Receiving with One of Four Ears
Selfdisclosure
Relationship
Facts
Appeal
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:45)
Three Stages of Receiving a Message
perceiving
interpreting
feeling
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:74)
Metacommunication
analytical
thinking,
words
CONTENT
RELATIONSHIP
older parts of the brain: emotions
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987:258)
Metacommunication
..........
Content
////////////////////////////////
2) I-messages
(Self-disclosure)
(Leave the
content
level!)
3) Wishes
(Appeal)
1) Explicit
Metacommunication
(Relationship)
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994:201)
3. Moving towards Intercultural
Communication
Why is intercultural communication
much more difficult than
monocultural communication?
(discussion)
References
Beneke, Jürgen (1993):
“English as the medium of intercultural communication: Some teaching
suggestions“. In: Beneke, Jürgen (ed.) (1993), pp. 69-101
Beneke, Jürgen (ed.) (1993):
Communication in Aviation : A collection of papers edited on behalf of
IACTFLAP. Bonn : Dümmler (Sprachen und Sprachenlernen: 312;
Dümmlerbuch 6312)
Birkenbihl, Vera F. (1987):
Kommunikationstraining : Zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen erfolgreich
gestalten. 8. Aufl. Landsberg am Lech : mgv-Verlag
Bright, William (ed. in chief) (1992):
International Encyclopedia of Linguistics : Volume 2 : Expl - Moot. New
York : Oxford University Press
Bussmann, Hadumod (1996):
Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. London : Routledge
References
Chandler, Daniel (1995):
The Transmission Model of Communication. (last modified: 9 May 2000,
last accessed: 5 November 2001)
<http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Functions/mcs.html>
Corner, John; Hawthorn, Jeremy (eds.) (1989):
Communication Studies : an introductory reader. 3rd ed. London : Arnold
Gerbner, George (1956):
A generalized graphic model of communication. In : Corner, John;
Hawthorn, Jeremy (eds.) (1989), pp. 17-18
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The Interactive MultiMedia Linguistics for Beginners : 6. Communication.
(this version: May 1999, introduced: 20 July 2000, last accessed: 23
October 2001)
<http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html/text/6.html>
References
Schulz von Thun, Friedemann (1994):
Miteinander reden 1 : Störungen und Klärungen : Allgemeine
Psychologie der Kommunikation. Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt
Taschenbuch Verlag (rororo ; 7489)
Saville-Troike, Muriel (1992):
“Communicative Competence“. In : Bright, William (ed.) (1992), p. 273
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CCMS - Communication studies, cultural studies, media studies
infobase. (last accessed: 23 October 2001)
<http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/index.html>
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Pragmatics of Human Communication : A Study of Interactional
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