Transcript Vorlage

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Austrian experiences with the
introduction of pellets as a fuel
Cirat
Consorzio Industriale per la Ricerca le Alte
Tecnologie
Energy in Austria
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Hydropower
14,6%
Other
Renewables
12,1%
Fossil fuels
73,3%
Renewable energy without
Hydropower
Heat pumps 4%
MSW
5%
Wood wastes
16%
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Black liquor
13%
Others
2%
Solar thermal 1,1%
Biogas and
Biodiesel 1,1%
Geothermal 0,1%
Wind and PV 0,0%
Fuel wood
60%
Source: ÖSTAT 1997
Wood heated dwellings in Austria
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700.000
600.000
Number of wood heated dwellings
500.000
400.000
all other dwellings were heated
by old logwood boilers or wood
stoves
300.000
pellet boilers
200.000
woodchip boilers
modern logwood boilers
100.000
0
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
Sales of domestic pellet boilers in
Austria
Prognose
14.000
13.500
12.000
annual sales
10.000
7.870
8.000
6.000
3.300
4.000
2.000
1.300
420
0
1997
Quelle: Pelletsverband, 2000
1998
1999
2000
2001
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General factors that have supported
diffusion kick off
Rapid
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advances in technology and design
Consumer
interest - the first comfortable
wood heating systems
Generally
positive attitude towards wood
as domestic fuel
Characteristics of the Austrian
market for pellets
It
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is very young: emergence of pellets 1994
significant start up problems (as with any
new market)
expansion despite relatively poor
economic frame conditions
pellets created high enthusiasm among
public and businesses
two markets:
• boilers for single family houses
• boilers for blocks of flats
Main problems for market
introduction
1)
Pellet supply
2)
Pellet delivery
3)
Pellet storage at the customer
4)
Pellet boiler
5)
Installation and service
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1) Pellet supply
Supply
security: major concern of
potential customers!
Quality
of pellets: low dust content and
mechanical stability is fundamental for
small boilers
• high dust content decreases boiler efficiency
and causes operation failure
• pellets from waste wood had disastrous
effects: slagging of boilers, discontinued
operation
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2) Pellet delivery
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Delivery
vehicles must evacuate the dust
simultaneously by blowing in pellets
must
have adequate pumping force
should
be able to weigh the pellets
delivered
standardised
connections to the house
inlet necessary
drivers
must be trained (e.g. to inspect the
storage room)
3) Adequate pellet storage room
necessary
dry
no
electrical installations (danger of dust
explosion)
solid
walls
dustproof
door
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4) The pellet boiler
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Many
companies jumped on the pellets
train too fast
unreliable
devices were introduced into
the market (“testing in the market”)
frequent
operational problems - negative
impact on the image of heating with pellets
Since
1998 major Austrian equipment
producers offer fully reliable boilers
Typical technical problems:
Overheating
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of the boiler: slagging of
ashes
High temperature corrosion
ash deposition in poorly designed heat
exchangers: up to 50% efficiency loss
ash deposition in the burning zone
serious back-burn problems
unreliable pellet delivery from the storage
room to the boiler
5) Installation and service
Installers
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have no experience with pellets
consequently
they prefer to sell oil boilers
frequent
mistakes in installations lead to
operation problems
efficient
and fast service is still missing
(Service network is expensive)
new
strategy of most advanced producers:
service contract is sold with the boiler, 1
full service every year
6) Education of other related
professionals
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Architects:
design of pellet storage and
boiler room, convenient delivery of pellets
Planners
Chimney
of heating systems
cleaners: these could provide
service of boilers - new business
opportunity! Chimney cleaners could be a
strategic partner: they know the old boilers
that need to be replaced and can promote
pellet boilers
Economic situation
Pellet
price: approx. 150 EURO/t incl.
delivery and VAT (30 EURO/MWh)
Pellet
boiler: approx. 10.000.- EURO incl.
automatic storage retrieval and VAT
Subsidies:
approx. 2000 - 3000 EURO
depending on region
Reference
cost for extra light fuel oil:
approx 30 EURO/MWh; oil boiler: 4400
EURO incl. tank
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How to introduce pellets
successfully I
Create
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public awareness for pellets
Demonstrate
Establish
reliable pellet delivery
strict quality standards for
pellets
Establish
strict quality criteria for pellet
boilers (high efficiency, low emissions and
reliable operation)
poor
boilers are a greater problem for long
term market development than expensive
boilers!
How to introduce pellets
successfully II
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Establish
investment subsidies for boilers
to kick start market development
Keep
poor pellet boilers out of the market
(e.g. by excluding equipment that does not
meet standards from subsidies)
In
DK level of subsidy was directly linked
to emission standard - rapid improvements
Subsidies
for education of professionals,
measures to ensure quality, public
relations
How to introduce pellets
successfully III
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Establish
and test logistics for pellet
delivery - ensure there is an immediate
impression that supply is no problem
Educate
and prepare professionals especially installers before advertising
Establish
a few demonstration plants that
represent the state of the art for
educational purposes (preferably by
experienced technical experts)
Which market should be addressed
first I ?
Large
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scale heating plants
• +/- not sensitive to pellet quality
• - very low prices of competing wet biofuels
blocks
of flats
• + lower specific costs of the boiler
• + fewer actors that can be addressed directly
• + less resources for fuel logistics and service
network
• + can become a niche for developing the
structures to support diffusion in the domestic
sector
Which market should be addressed
first II ?
individual
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housing
• + have higher conventional fuel costs than
larger users
• + large market
• + option: pellet stoves as “low barrier system”
• - high marketing costs
• - high initial requirements for fuel supply and
service logistics
• - high requirements for education of
professionals
The Austrian choice
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Individual
houses: this choice was made
by industry, that was used to deliver to
this market. Mainly central heating
systems, less stoves
Selected
attempts to introduce pellets into
the large buildings segment were rather
successful locally

Barrier: construction companies do not
know qualified planners that realise pellet
system
Summary I
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The
introduction of pellets into the heat
market requires a comprehensive and
complex approach
problems
that are not managed promptly
can seriously affect the diffusion process
It
needs a dedicated actor (institution) that
co-ordinates and manages pellet
introduction - “system building” is
necessary
Summary II
One
company alone cannot finance
system building as all others will take
advantage of this
in Austria two organisations have been
created for this purpose: Bioenergy
Austria and Austrian Pellet Association
public co-financing is very important for
such initiatives
investment subsidies for pellet boilers is
necessary to overcome high transaction
costs and perceived risks of new
technology
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Contacts
Austrian
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Energy Agency, Christian Rakos
[email protected]
www.eva.wsr.ac.at
Bioenergy
Austria (Industrial association
of bioenergy companies):
www.bioenergy.at
Pelletverband
Austria: Mr Auerbach
[email protected]