Transcript Document

Types of Computers
On the basis of principle of construction
Computers are divided into three types:
• Analog Computers
• Digital Computers
• Hybrid Computers
Analog Computers
• A computer in which numerical data are represented by measurable physical
variables, such as electrical voltage.
• An analog computers is a form of computer that uses the continuously
changeable aspects of physical phenomena such electrical, mechanical, or
hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.
• As mechanical computers used in World War Second II for controlling
gun fire.
• Analog computers are also used in science and industry.
• Analog computers deal with measure data.
Examples: 1. Thermometer because it measures the length of a mercury
column, which varies continuously.
2. Analog Clock
3. Car Speedometer
Digital Computers
• A digital computer is an electronic computing machine that
uses the binary digits(bits) 0 and 1 to represent all forms of
information internally in digital form.
• Every computer has a set of instructions that define the basic
functions it can perform.
• Sequences of these instructions constitute machine-language
(Low level language in the form of 0’s and 1’s )programs that
can be stored in the computers.
Examples:
1. Calculator (a small computer)
2.Digital clock, Digital watches
3. Weighing machines
4. Consumer electronic equipment (such as microwave oven )
5. Automobiles
6. Mini, Micro, Mainframe and super computers.
Diff b/w : Analog and Digital Computers
Analog
Digital
Analog computer works with continuous
values.
Digital computers works with discrete value
(0,1). It can work only with digits
It has very limited memory.
It can store large amount of data.
It has no state.
It has two states on and off
It can perform certain types of calculations.
Its speed of calculation is very high.
It is difficult to use
It is easy to use.
Analog computers is used in engineering and
scientific applications.
Digital computer is widely used in almost all
fields of life.
Analog computer is used for calculations and
measurement of physical quantities such as
weight, height, temperature and speed.
Digital computer is used to calculate
mathematical and logical operations.
Its accuracy is high.
Its accuracy is comparatively low.
Its readability is low.
Its readability is high.
Examples: Thermometer, analog clock, older
weighing machines. Car speedometer, voice ,
radio/tv signal etc.
Examples: digital watches, digital weighing
machines, mini computers, microcomputers,
mainframe computers and super computers.
Hybrid Computers
• Hybrid computes are computers that exhibit features of
analog computers and digital computers.
• The digital component normally serves as the controller and
provides logical operations.
• The analog component normally serves as a solver of
differential equations.
Examples:
1.
2.
An example of a hybrid computer system is a cement plant where all
calculations are made by digital systems(digital computers) and
accordingly actions such ass increase of certain material in the
furnace and increase / decrease of fuel for temperature is performed
by the help of analog system.
Gas Pump Station (where measurement of gas by analog system, and
displaying such calculation by digital system(computer).
Examples Analog Computers
The Water Integrator was an early analog computer built in the Soviet Union in
1928.
It functioned by careful manipulation of water through a room full of
interconnected pipes and pumps.
A mechanical computer is built from mechanical components such as levers
and gears, rather than electronic components.
An example of a hybrid computer is the computer used in hospitals to measure
the heartbeat of the patient. the ECG monitor of a patient in a hospital. It takes
in an analog signal that is the heartbeat of the patient and converts it into the
digital format after processing it.
This particular Beckman Instruments EASE analog computer was 60
feet long and had a push button control panel. According to the
Computer History Museum, this one was used by the Allison division
of General Motors to design jet engines about 1962.
A 1960 Newmark analogue computer which comprised
five components was used to solve differential
equations.
In chemistry, they describe the rates of chemical reactions.
Economists use differential equations to describe investment
returns, sales practices
Classification of Digital Computers
• Computers are classified according to sizes, speed and memory capacity.
Computers are different types:
•
•
•
•
Super Computers
Mainframe Computers
Mini Computers
Micro/Personal Computers
–
–
–
–
Desktop Computes
Laptop Computers
Tablet Computers
Palmtop (handheld pc) Computers
Super Computers
• Supercomputer are very fast computers that can perform hundreds of
millions of instructions per second. These are the fastest calculating
devices.
• Uses:
– Super computer are used by government agencies .
– Used for scientific and engineering applications that must handle very
large databases or do a great amount of computation.
– Astronomers and space scientists use super computers to study the
Sun and space weather.
– Supercomputers are used in nuclear technology.
– Supercomputers are used to research in the field of medicine. For
example Cancer.
– Supercomputers are used for the heavy stuff like weather maps,
construction of atom bombs, finding oil, earthquake prediction, and
sciences where a lot of calculations must be done.
World's Fastest Super Computers
Ref: www.top500.org
RANK
SUPER COMPUTER NAME
SPEED
1
Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2)
National University of Defense Technology
Manufacturer (NUDT)
Cores | 3,120,000
O/S | Kylin Linux
Power: 17,808.00 kW
Memory: 1,024,000 GB
2
Titan - Cray XK7
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Manufacturer Cray Inc. USA
Sequoia - BlueGene/Q
3
IBM
Livermore – USA
Cores | 560,640
O/S | Cray Linux Environment
Power: 8,209.00 kW
Memory: 710,144 GB
Cores | 1,572,864
O/S | Linux
Power: 7,890.00 kW
Memory: 1,572,864 GB
A petaflop/s is equivalent to 1,000 trillion calculations per second.
China was rapidly becoming a "player" in high performance computing. China
aims to become supercomputer superpower.
Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2)
Titan - Cray XK7
Sequoia - BlueGene/Q
Mainframe Computers
• Mainframe computers are smaller than Super Computers. Usually, a
main frame would occupy an entire room and could cost over million
dollars.
• The name comes from the way the machine is build up: all units
(processing, communication etc.) were hung into a frame. Thus main
computer is build into a frame, therefore it is called mainframe.
• Mainframes are typically manufactured by large companies such as IBM,
Hitachi etc.
• Uses:
– Mainframe computers are the big, powerful, expensive computers used in
the background by most large organizations.
– Mainframe computers are used to run commercial applications and
other large-scale computing purposes.
– It is also used in banking and insurance businesses where enormous
amounts of data are processed.
– For example millions of records , each day.
Mainframe Compuer
Mini Computers
• Minicomputers are relatively low cost and small .
• This setup (mini Computers) allowed more people to have access to
computers.
• minicomputer is a class of multi-user Computer that lies in
the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the
largest Multi-user systems (mainframe computer) and the
smallest single-user systems (Microcomputers or personal
computers.
• Uses:
– Mainframe computers are used to run commercial applications and
other large-scale computing purposes.
– It is also used in banking and insurance businesses where enormous
amounts of data are processed.
– For example millions of records , each day.
Mini Computer Name: PDP 7
Personal (Micro) Computers
• The term “ microcomputer” came into popular use after the introduction
of the minicomputer.
• A personal computer (PC) is any general-purpose Computer whose size,
capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which
is intended to be operated directly by an end user.
• A personal computer may be a desktop computer, a laptop, a tablet PC, or a
handheld PC (also called a palmtop).
• Software applications for personal computers include word processing,
spreadsheets, databases, Web browsers and e-mail clients, games and specialpurpose software applications.
• A PC may be used at home or in an office. Personal computers may be
connected to a local area network (LAN), either by a cable or a wireless
connection.
Personal (Micro) Computers : Features
• Cheap and easy to use:
– Micro computers are cheap and easy to use.
• Limited Support for I/O device
– They support very limited input and output capacities.
• Storage Capacity
– They have less storage capacity
• Software Capacity
– These computers support very limited number of software
• Architecture
– Most of microcomputers are self-contained unit, which are light enough and can be
moved easily.
• Number of Operators
– They are designed to be used by one person at a time.
• I/O devices
– In addition to CPU , a microcomputer has diff input / output devices like.
Personal (Micro) Computers : Features
• Data Storage
– Hard disk and floppy disk drivers are used to enter and store data and programs.
• Softcopy Output
– A visual display screen (monitor) and / or a printer is used to get the output.
Personal (Micro) Computers : Uses
• Like other computers (super, mainframe, micro), personal
computers can be instructed to perform a variety of individual
functions.
• A set of instructions that tells a computer what to do is called a
program.
• Today, thousands of application programs are available for use on
personal computers. They include such popular programs as word
processing programs, spreadsheet programs, database programs,
and communication programs.
• Desktop Computers
– Today the desktop computers those computers which have the
different desktop computer cases that can be laid on the desk and they
are different from the tower computers on the basis of the design of the
case as in tower computers .
Personal Computer (Desktop)
Personal (Micro) Computers : Uses
• Laptop Computers
– A laptop is a personal computer designed for mobile use.
– It is small and light enough to sit on a person’s lap while in use.
– A laptop integrate most of the typical components of a desktop
computer , including a display , keyboard, a pointing device ( a touch
pad, also known as a track pad, and / or a point stick, speakers, and
often including a battery, into a single small and light unit.
Personal Computer (Laptop)
Personal (Micro) Computers : Uses
• Palmtop Computers
– A computer small enough to hold in one hand and operate with the
other. Also called a “handtop”
– These ultra-small computers may have specialized keyboards or
keypads for data entry applications or have small qwerty keyboards.
– Because of their small size, most palmtop computers do not include
disk drives .
– However, many contain PCMCIA(Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association) slots in which you can insert disk drives,
modems, memory, and other devices.
Personal Computer (palmtop)
Personal (Micro) Computers : Uses
• Tablet Computers
• A tablet personal computer (tablet PC) is a portable personal
computer equipped with a touchscreen as a primary input device
and designed to be operated and owned by an individual
– The Tablet PC provides all of the features, reliability and
power of Windows XP, plus pen and ink capabilities that
allow you to write directly on the screen or use the pen as
you would a mouse and keyboard.
– The Tablet PC extends the way you would use a laptop or
notebook computer.
– You can use the wireless pen to take notes while in
meetings, sketch ideas, even add personality to your email and instant messages.
Tablet Computers, Google Glass & wearable Pc
http://www.google.com/glass
4mb Hard Disk
Core i7