Transcript Bulgar borrowings in Hungarian: the problem of reflecting *q-

Bulgar borrowings in Hungarian:
the problem of reflecting *q-
The stages of borrowing from Turkic languages in
Hungarian
• 1. From Proto-Bulgar: "the Pre-Conquest Layer“?
(simultaneous contact of Hungarians, Bulgars and Alans,
localized in the Volga-Kama region, or, rather, in the DonKuban region; V-VI cc. a.D.)
• 2. From Danube Bulgar (already settled in the territory of
Bulgaria from the VII c.; about X c. a.D.)
• 3. From Early Kypchak ( "Kuman-Pecheneg“, Hungary, XXIII cc. a.D.)
• 4. From Kypchak (“Nogai”, Eastern borders of Hungary,
after XIII c.)
• 5. From Osman Turkish (after XIV c.)
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The early Turkic loans in Hungarian with initial h1. Hung. homok 'sand' [from 1055, humca]; PT *Kum 'sand',
Yak. kumax (PA *kiumo):
2. Hung. harang 'bell' (from 1211) : PT *Koŋra-gu 'bell':
QrqUig. qoŋraq, qoŋraɣu, Tur. dial. koŋrak (PA *kōŋa).
3. Hung. hajó 'ship' (dial. hijjó, hijó, híjó 'boat'; from 1181,
Haio ). : PT *K(i)aj-guk 'boat, paddle', QrqUig. qajɣuq,
qajɣïq (MK), Tur. kayık, Tatar qajïq, Yakut. xajïk, dial. xojūk
(PA *gằjá).
4. Hung. herjó ‘hawk’ (from 1366 Heryou); PT *Kïrkuj
'hawk, falcon', Chuv. xərxi, Yak. kïrbïj, Trkm. Gïrγï.
5. Hung. hurok 'snare' [from 1526 vrok-, 1645, hurok]; PT
*ukruk 'lasso', QrqUig. uqruq (MK), Middle Kypch. oqruq,
Mod. Uig. dial. oquruq, Turkm. dial. uquruq, Yakut. ogūr,
oguruk, Kirgh. uquruq, but cf. in Kypchak languages:
Uzbek liter. qọruq, Balk. quruq, Tatar korïk, Bashkir qoroq,
Nog. qurïq, Kazakh qurïq, QQalp. qurïq (but Qumuq dial.
(Kaitak) uqruq).
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The origin of the Hungarian opposition h ~ k:
PU *k- > Hung. h- in back-vocalic stems
PU *k- > Hung. k- in front-vocalic stems.
Hung. hal 'fish' < PU *kala
Hung. két 'two' < PU *kEktä
• A chronological border: the Alanic initial velar fricative is
reflected by Hungarian h- and the Alanic k- is reflected by
Hungarian k-, including the cases before native back vowels
• Hung. híd 'bridge' (alternating longitude), Osset. Iron. xid,
Digor. xed;
• Hung. húg 'younger sister', Osset. xo < *hwahā
• Hung. kazdag / gazdag 'rich', Osset. qaezdyg <* kazna- + dyg
• Ancient Chinese transcriptions of Xiongnu
• a) ɣāt-tə̄j 閼 氐 'wife of shanyu', *xātuń (from presumable
Early Saka *hvatujn < *xwatāyn < PIr *hva-tāvyaini (>
Sughd. xuten 'queen, the first wife of the king'); Xiongnu
*xātuń > Sughd. xātūn [x'twn] 'great lady, the second wife
of the king', later borrowed in the Ancient Turkic.
• ɣwā l̥ wāt 毆 脫 'encampments, camps‘ < *xoλ-ut < PT
*Koλ(з) 'temporary yurt, nomadic camp, military unit';
• b) 徑路 *kēŋh-rāh ‘sword’ < *Kïŋrak
• 廓洛 *k(h)wā(k)-r(h)āk ‘belt’ < *Kur-γak
• 駃騠 *kwjāt-d(h)ē ‘a k. of horse’ < *Kạtïr ‘mule’
• 隔昆 *krēk-kwə̄n ‘Kirgiz’ < *Kïrkïř
• 谷蠡 *kōk-r(h)ǝ ‘patrimony’ < *Kor(ï)γï
• 昆子 *kwə̄n-cjí ‘beaver’ < *Kuntřз
• 屈孓 *khwit-kwət ‘low’ < *Kodku-t
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Khazar words:
X c.: χαγανος, χαζαροι;
xaδing 'birch' (Ibn Fadlan),
xapubaliq ‘Derbent’ (Ibn Rustah);
XI c.: X[ili]g (Gardizi, 1050, perhaps *Kïλ-lïg)
• Volga Bulgar epitaphs (XIII-XVcc.): xyrx 'forty‘, toxyr
'nine', waxy- < *oqï- 'read’ etc.
• Eastern Slavic borrowing from Volga Bulgar:
• Old Rus. Хопужьское / Хупожское море (< PTu *kapug)
• Modern Chuvash:
• χuran ‘cauldron’ < PTu *kařan < CT *kazan
• Kǝmǝl ‘silver’ < PTu *kümüλ < CT *kümüš.
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Borrowings to Slavic languages from the Danube Bulgar:
*kovъčegъ 'box, chest' << PT *Kapï(r)čak 'box, coffin'
*klobukъ 'cap' << PT *Kalpak 'cap, hat'
Bulgarian корéм 'belly' << PT *Karïm id.
*kargujь 'hawk, falcon' > OChSl, ChSl крагуи << PT
*Kïrkuj 'hawk, falcon'
*kvarъ 'harm, damage' << PT *kōr 'harm, loss, damage'
ChSl. (Bulg., Rus.) кърчии 'smith' << PT *kurč “steel;
hard"+ -čï
Cf.: *xalǫga ‘thicket, bushes’ << PT *(h)ā/ala-ŋ ‘(forest)
glade, copse, water meadow’: Bulg. *halaŋ-uk > Chuv. olъx
‘water meadow’ etc.
*xorǫgy 'flag' << PT *(h)oruŋgu ‘flag’
• Borrowings to Slavic languages from the Danube Bulgar:
• OChSl. сокачии 'butcher' << PT *sok- 'to slaughter' + -*či >
Danube Bulgar *soqъčǝ
• ChSl (Rus.) блехъчии, бльхъчии 'smith', OBulg. блъхчии,
Bulg. блъхчия 'carpenter' << PT bilgüči ‘wise man’, Chuv.
pələvśə
• *dъxtorъ 'pillow': RusChSl. and OChSl. дохъторъ,
дъхъторъ << PT *jạt-gur: Chuv. śïDar 'pillow', *jạt- 'to
lie‘ (Yak. sɨt-, Dolg. hɨt-) + -gUr deverb.
• Cf. Danube Bulgar дохсъ ‘?’ and тохъ 'horse' in the
Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans
• The names of Pecheneg tribes in the Greek transfer:
Χαβουξιν (qabuqšin), Χαρο (qara), Χοπόν (qabqan)
• In the Armenian-Kypchak (Polovets?) *q > x in all
positions
• "German" dialect of Codex Cumanicus: -h only in syllable
finals: taoh 'chicken', azih 'provisions'
• modern Karaite (Trakai): ayah 'foot‘,
• The only clear case of Kypchak borrowing in the Old
Church Slavonic, OChSl. ѧтъхульница ‘cloister hotel’ (<
*jạt-ku 'sleeping place') has *q > x in the syllable initial.
• The Proto-Bulgar loans in Hungarian with initial k• 1. Hung. karó 'nail' : PT *Kař-guk 'peg' (Old Uig. qazɣuq,
QrqUig. qazŋuq (MK). PA *gaŕa 'tip of the blade').
• 2. Hung. kút 'well' (kutat), from 1055: PT *Kud- 'pour',
*Kud-ug 'well' (Old Uig. qud- , quduɣ, QrqUig. quj- (MK),
quδuɣ (MK, QB), Chuv. xɨv-, Yakut kut-, Tuv. qut-, Tof. qut/d-, Turkm. Guj-, Gujï); PA *kùdá.
• 3. Hung. kos 'ram' (from 1061, koʃ-dy): PT *Koč 'sheep' (the
Chuv. form lacks; Chag. qoč, Uzbek dial. ɣọč, Khal. Goč,
Tur. koç, Gag. koç, Az. Goç, Turkm. Goč, QQalp. ɣoš); PA
*k/k'oč'V.
• 4. Hung. koporsó 'coffin' (from 1372 koporso-k-nak,),
coporʃo, kaparso (1794): PT *Kapïrčak 'box, coffin' (Chuv.
form lacks, QrqUig. qapïrčaq (MK )); PA *k'ap'a; *a > o is
an inner Hungarian transition (under the influence of p?).
• The Bulgar loans in Hungarian with initial k• 5. Hung. karvaly 'falcon' [1222 Carol] : PT *Kɨrkuj 'hawk'
(Chuv. xərxi, QrqUig. qïrɣuj (MK)); PA *kīra.
• 6. Old Hung. karamó 'measles' : PT *kïřïl-mïk, *kïřla-mïk
'measles' (Chuv. xərləxen)
• 7. Hung. kapu 'gate' (from 1009 - kopus, , 1061 – Kapus,):
PT (a group of derived stems from *Kap- 'to close') *Kapgu 'gate‘(Middle Uig. qapu (Tefs.: qapu-sï), Chag. qapu
(PdeC 392, San).
• 8. Hung. kar, karok (Pl) 'arm' : PT *Kar- 'arm (upper part),
forearm, various measures of length' (Chuv. Xor 'measure,
which is equal to twice the distance from the elbow to the
end of the middle finger, "rope elbow'; al xursi 'part of the
arm from wrist to elbow'); PA *gàrá.
• The Danube Bulgar loans in Hungarian with initial k• 9. Hung. kár 'harm' : PT *Kōr 'harm, loss' (Chuv. xor
'resentment, unhappiness', Yakut kuor 'mud, putrid smell';
Old Uig. qor, QrqUig. qor (MK), Alt. qor); PA *k'ōru;
• 10. Hung. karám 'corral' : PT *Kōrï- 'to defend, block'
(Yenis. qorï-, QrqUig. qorï- (MK), Turkm. Gōrï-, Gōra-);
PA *k'ṓra;
• 11. Hung. kaka 'reeds' : PT *Kōka 'kind of reed' (Uzb. qọɣa,
Tur. kova, dial. koɣa, Karaite qoɣa, Qumuq qoɣa, Tatar
quɣa, Bashkir dial. quɣa, Nogai qoɣa, Kazakh qoɣa, QQalp.
qoɣa, Alt. qoɣo); PA *gokV 'kind of cane or wild onion'; the
long vowel is reconstructed by the behaviour of the medial
consonant (voicing after a long vowel)
• The Bulgar or Early Kypchak loans in Hungarian with
initial k• 12. Hung. kóró 'dry stalk' : PT *Kubrï-k, -gak (Chuv. xura
'dry stalk'); PA *k'obe;
• 13. Hung. kor 'period of time, age': PT *Kur 'rank, degree, a
number; time' (Chuv. xъrax, Old Uig. qur, QrqUig. qur
(MK), Turkm. Gor 'layer, level'); PA *kióru;
• 14. Hung. korom 'soot' : PT *Kurum 'soot' (Chuv. (Anatri)
xъrъm, QrqUig. qurun (MK), Turkm. Gurum); PA *k'iŭru (mV);
• 15. Hung. komló 'hops': PT *Kumlak 'hops' (Chuv. xъʷmla,
Khakas xumnax, Shor qïmnaq, QrqUig. qumlaq (MK), Tatar
qolmaq, dial. qomlaq, qomalaq, Alt. qumdaq, qumanaq); PA
*kʽiomo(lV);
• 16. Hung. kín 'torture' : PT *Kï̄jn 'guilt' (Chuv. xən); PA
*k'iūńa.
• Probably late loans in Hungarian with initial k• 17. Hung. kobak 'pumpkin' (from 1340?, N.pr.; kobak
―1723, 1803 - kabak, 1792 - kubak): PT *Kāpak (qabaq
(MK), cabuc (CC), Turkm. dial. qāvaq).
• 18. Hung. koboz 'lute, zither' (from 1193 – a placename
coboz, under the 1326 - Kobzus, 1620 - koboznak): PT
*Kopuř > CT *Kopuz 'kind of musical (stringed) instrument'
(Tofa xobus, Shor qobus, Old Uig. qopuz, QrqUig. qopuz
(MK), Chag. qopuz [Borovkov 1961]; Middle Kypch. qobuz
[AH], Uzbek qọbiz, Mod. Uig. qowuz, Tur. kopuz, Turkm.
Gopuz, Karaite qobuz, QBalq. qobuz, Tatar qubïz, Bashkir
qubïδ, Nogai, Kazakh, QQalp. qobïz, Kirgh. qobuz).
• 19. Hung. kuvasz 'mongrel' (first recorded under 1511 'Wolfhound'), cf. Middle Kypch. kubas [AH] 'pedigree dog'.
cf. QBalq. qubas 'yellow' (in particular, the suit of the
animal); from PT *Kuba 'yellow' (a suit).
• Conclusions:
• a) The choice of a k- or h- in Hungarian shows no
correlation with the quality of the initial consonant in the PA
(*g-, *k- or *k'-);
• b) The Turkic loans in Hungarian with initial h- are rather
Kuman-Pecheneg (Pecheneg?) borrowings: respectively, the
group 8-10 will be considered as Danube Bulgar, and the
group 12-16 will be considered as early but not KumanPecheneg borrowings, i. e. either early or late Bulgar loans.