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Towards an Integrated Framework for
Coastal Eco-Cities:
EU-Asia perspectives
Authors: P. Divarakan, V. Kapnopoulou, E. McMurtry, M. Seo, L. Yu
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Contents
• Introduction
• Main Aspects for Comparison
• Transferability
• Recommendations and Findings
• Limitations and Future Works
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Coastal Eco cities: guidance documents
Eco-cities working towards international Development
• UN Habitat Sustainable Cities Programme
• Millennium Development Goals
• Local Agenda 21
World Bank:
Managing emerging cities that are
under sever resource constraints
• Natural
• Physical
• Administrative
• Technical
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1st January 2012-31st December 2014
Climate change diplomacy
Eco-cities
Migration Integration
Social Cohesion
Human trafficking
Maritime Piracy and security
Food security
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Case studies: Helsingborg, Sweden
• Population: 130,000
• EU CONCERTO initiative
• Eco-Dwellings, EcoRehabiltation
• Renewable Energy supply
• Energy efficiency in
buildings
• Polygeneration
• Integration of energy
supply and demand
• Technological innovation
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Case studies: Tianjin Eco-City, China
•
New build project on a
deserted salt farm
•
34sq Kilometres
•
350,000 residential capacity
•
Estimated completion: 2020
•
Land use planning
•
Transport planning
•
Green (vegetation) and
blue (water) networks
•
Includes industrial districts,
public buildings and
residential communities
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Framework
• Attributes successes and
failures to factors
• Social, cultural, financial,
legal and environmental
challenges are
examined
• “Good practice and
challenges”
• Identify key areas for
recommendation
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Contents
• Introduction
• Main Aspects for Comparison
o Green Buildings
o Transportation
o Energy Supply
o Waste Management
o Coastal Infrastructures
o Legislative Framework
o Financial Aspects
o Key Performance Indicators
• Transferability
• Recommendations and Findings
• Limitations and Future Works
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Green Building
• Comparison on green building certifications
Tianjin Eco-City
Sweden
GBES*
EU
Green
Building
Miljöbyggnad*
BREEAM*
LEED*
Energy
O
O
O
O
O
Materials
O
O
O
O
Indoor environment
O
O
O
O
Water
O
O
O
Management
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Innovation in design
O
O
Regional priority
O
O
Building waste
Location and infrastructure
O
* GBES: Evaluation Standard for Green Building
* BREEAM: BRE Environmental Assessment Method
* Miljöbyggnad: Environmental Building (Swedish) * LEED: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
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Transportation
• Comparison between transportation sector
100%
Helsingborg
Aims
(proportion
of green
10%
Tianjin Eco-City
80%
62% at 2035
90% at 2020
60%
transport)
-70 urban buses
-30 regional
vehicle
60%
25%
Biogas vehicle
Green
38%
buses
-25 refuse
collection lorries
- gas transmission
networks
Electricity vehicle
40%
-105 charge
station
20%
-electric bus will
be introduced
37%
30%
0%
Helsingborg
Tianjin Eco-City
car
public transport
Walking & cycling
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Transportation
• Comparison between transportation sector
Aims (proportion
of green transport)
Helsingborg
Tianjin Eco-City
62% at 2035
90% at 2020
Vehicles per 1000 people
800
600
Sweden
400
200
0
0
China
5
10
15
20
25
30
per-capita income ($ thousand)
Source: Dargay, et. al. (2007)
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Transportation
• Comparison between transportation sector
Green vehicle
Helsingborg
Tianjin Eco-City
Biogas vehicle
Electricity vehicle
1200
o The European Commission
proposed alternative fuels policy
CO2 emission (g/km)
1000
o Biogas infrastructures are well
established in Sweden, Helsingborg
800
o Air pollutant emissions of electric
vehicles depend on region’s
power plant mix.
600
400
o In Tianjin Eco-City, large portion of
energy comes from the renewable
energy (at least 20%).
200
0
Diesel
Natural gas
Biogas
Electric
Source: Trendsetter (2003), USEPA (2013)
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Energy Supply
• Objective
o Prioritization of renewable energy
o Biogas in Helsingborg
o Wind and solar energy in Tianjin
• Heating Source
o Tianjin Eco-City: 2% from distributed independent energy source
o Helsingborg:
19% from distributed independent energy source
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Energy Supply
• Renewable source: Biogas V.S. Solar and wind
o Solar energy: not applicable in
Helsingborg with short sunshine hours.
o Wind energy: most cost effective
with lest GHG emissions.
o Biogas for Tianjin: enough organic
waste supply.
o Ideal renewable energy source
depends on local context.
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Waste Management
• Helsingborg
Waste Sorting
Waste
Composite
Food Waste
treatment
Collection
System
• Tianjin Eco-City
Combustible waste
Bio-waste
Recyclable waste
Kitchen waste
Other waste
food waste 40%
food waste 52%
Anaerobic
digestion/Composting
Aerobic microbial
digestion
Truck based System
Pneumatic System
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Waste Management
• Waste Recycle and treatment
o Waste treatment methods: Recycling, biological treatment, waste incineration,
landfill
o Waste Recycled:
• 48% in Helsingborg
• 60% in Tianjin
o Waste incineration:
• 51.6% in Helsingborg
• <40% in Tianjin
o Low landfill rate
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Waste Management
• Truck V.S. Pneumatic
collection system
o Less GHG emissions of Pneumatic
system
o Difficulty on Scale-out for Pneumatic
system
• Biological treatment techniques
o Helsingborg: Anaerobic digestion for biogas
o Tianjin Eco-City: Aerobic digestion to digest organic waste
• Waste incineration and recycling
o Disadvantages of waste incineration
o Waste prevention and recycling is preferred to incineration
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Coastal Infrastructures
Helsingborg
• No threat by sea level rise
• No actions were taken
Tianjin Eco-City
• Immediate threat by sea
level rise
• Bears the highest risk from
coastal flooding in China
• 100% of the population and
urban area of Tianjin would
be affected by coastal
flooding
• No action were taken
towards achieving coastal
resilience
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• Tianjin Eco-City-Suggested Actions: coastal resilience
Risks&
Vulnerability
Identify
Solutions
• Tianjin is highly vulnerable to sea level rise. Studies claim 100%
of the population and urban area affected
• Technical Engineering Solutions
• In the case of Caofeidian Ecocity with similar risks they
constructed dykes in the coast
• Implement Solution
Take Action
Measure
effectiveness
• Possible reduction of the risk
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Coastal Infrastructures
• Tianjin Eco City-Suggested Actions: exploitation of
the coastal offshore area
In order to reach the goal
of 10% of electricity
supply from wind power
an offshore wind farm is
proposed to Tianjin EcoCity.
According to the
Graph, the offshore
wind farm has the
largest total cost and
lowest GHG emissions
in all four renewable
energy sources.
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Legislative Framework: Contract Arrangement
Helsingborg
Tianjin Eco City
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Contract type: Integrated
Project
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Contract type: Framework
Agreement
•
Describe projects with multipartners which are formed to
support objective driven
research.
•
It is a “smarter way” to purchase
works or supplies.
•
In individual contracts (call-offs)
there is not need to repeat the
procurement process againReduced bureaucracy
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Necessary to have a series of
well documented agreements–
Increased bureaucracy
Regarding
the
“bureaucracy”
element, the pre-existence of
mutual trust among the contracting
members is imperative.
In the case of the project being
conceived as a research/development
opportunity or simply as a “purchase of
works”, lies completely in the
perception of the contracting authorities
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Financial Aspects
Helsingborg
Tianjin Eco City
Funding Scheme
• Public (EU contribution)Private funds
•
Public
(Chinese
and
Singapore resources)-Private
funds
Financial Benefits
•
GDP per capita (in USD $) of
Helsingborg-comparison with
Sweden
Helsingborg (US $)
40,000
30,000
GDP per capita (in USD $) of
Tianjin- comparison with
Shanghai and Beijing
Sweden (US$)
13,392
13,500
60,000
50,000
•
45,540
28,400
47,773
29,800
49,447
32,200
54,832
37,500
55,498
38,100
49,662
45,753
37,000 39,100
20,000
12,784
13,000
12,447
12,500
12,000
10,000
0
11,500
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Tianjin
Shanghai
Beijing
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Key Performance Indicators
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Energy
Waste
Water
Transportation
Economic
Land use
Infrastructure
Social
Air Quality
o Renewable and
Clean Energy
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Renewable power
production / total power
consumption
o Carbon
•
o Sectorial Energy
Use
Non fossil fuel in primary
energy
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Reduction of fossil fuels
for heating compared to
2005
•
Renewable energy
utilitarian rate
•
Proportion of renewable
energy (excluding
transportation)
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Renewable/total energy
(transportation)
•
Utilization rate of clean
energy
o Energy Security
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Contents
• Introduction
• Main Aspects for Comparison
• Transferability
• Recommendations and Findings
• Limitations and Future Works
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Transferability
•
•
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Green Buildings
Energy Supply
Waste Management
Transportation
Coastal
Contract arrangement
Stakeholder engagement
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Recommendations and Findings
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For policymakers.
o
o
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Legislative framework of both the projects are very
different.
Opportunity for research and knowledge transfer.
Stakeholder engagement
For developers.
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Good understanding of local context
•
•
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Green building standards
Renewable energy sources
Current state transportation
State of the coastal sector
Transferability of green technologies and practices.
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Limitations and Future works
• Study is based on just one example from
both Europe and Asia.
o Limited resources to create firm guidelines and standards
for suitable city schemes across European and Asian
borders.
• Findings of this project would be supported
by a widening of the scope to include
more cities from Europe and Asia.
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Q&A
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